Difference between revisions of "Alkyl nitrate"
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Many alkyl alcohols will dehydrate to an [[ester]] on addition of [[nitric acid]] with loss of water. This process, called nitration, causes the formation of a nitroxy group on the carbon atom. | Many alkyl alcohols will dehydrate to an [[ester]] on addition of [[nitric acid]] with loss of water. This process, called nitration, causes the formation of a nitroxy group on the carbon atom. | ||
| − | :MeOH + HNO<sub>3</sub> → MeONO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O | + | : MeOH + HNO<sub>3</sub> → MeONO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O |
== Single Alcohol Nitrate Esters == | == Single Alcohol Nitrate Esters == | ||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
== Non-Cyclic Alkyl Polyol Nitrate Esters == | == Non-Cyclic Alkyl Polyol Nitrate Esters == | ||
| − | *[[Ethylene glycol]] / [[ | + | *[[Ethylene glycol]] / [[Ethylene glycol dinitrate]] |
| − | + | ||
*[[Propylene glycol]] / [[Propylene glycol dinitrate]] | *[[Propylene glycol]] / [[Propylene glycol dinitrate]] | ||
| − | |||
*[[Glycerol]] / Glycerol trinitrate ([[nitroglycerin]]) | *[[Glycerol]] / Glycerol trinitrate ([[nitroglycerin]]) | ||
| − | |||
*[[Erythritol]] / [[Erythritol tetranitrate]] | *[[Erythritol]] / [[Erythritol tetranitrate]] | ||
| − | |||
*[[Xylitol]] / [[Xylitol pentanitrate]] | *[[Xylitol]] / [[Xylitol pentanitrate]] | ||
| − | |||
*[[Sorbitol]] / [[Sorbitol hexanitrate]] | *[[Sorbitol]] / [[Sorbitol hexanitrate]] | ||
| − | |||
*[[Isosorbitol]] / [[Isosorbitol dinitrate]] | *[[Isosorbitol]] / [[Isosorbitol dinitrate]] | ||
| − | |||
*[[Mannitol]] / [[Mannitol hexanitrate]] | *[[Mannitol]] / [[Mannitol hexanitrate]] | ||
| − | * [[Pentaerythritol]] / [[Pentaerythritol tetranitrate]] | + | *[[Pentaerythritol]] / [[Pentaerythritol tetranitrate]] |
== Cyclic Polyol Nitrate Esters == | == Cyclic Polyol Nitrate Esters == | ||
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*[[Sucrose]] / [[Sucrose octanitrate]] | *[[Sucrose]] / [[Sucrose octanitrate]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Properties== | ||
| + | Alkyl nitrates are oily liquids or colorless solids, insoluble in [[water]], but more soluble in organic solvents. Due to vasodilatory effects, nitrate esters can cause strong headaches, because blood vessels in the brain widen. The more volatile the ester is, the simpler it is to get a "nitrate headache".<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrovasodilator</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Handling== | ||
| + | ===Safety=== | ||
| + | Most alkyl nitrates tend to be explosive, which means proper protection must be worn when working with said compounds. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Organic compounds]] | [[Category:Organic compounds]] | ||
[[Category:Nitrates]] | [[Category:Nitrates]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Nitrated organic compounds]] | ||
[[Category:Energetic materials]] | [[Category:Energetic materials]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:55, 24 January 2020
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Many alkyl alcohols will dehydrate to an ester on addition of nitric acid with loss of water. This process, called nitration, causes the formation of a nitroxy group on the carbon atom.
- MeOH + HNO3 → MeONO2 + H2O
Contents
Single Alcohol Nitrate Esters
Non-Cyclic Alkyl Polyol Nitrate Esters
- Ethylene glycol / Ethylene glycol dinitrate
- Propylene glycol / Propylene glycol dinitrate
- Glycerol / Glycerol trinitrate (nitroglycerin)
- Erythritol / Erythritol tetranitrate
- Xylitol / Xylitol pentanitrate
- Sorbitol / Sorbitol hexanitrate
- Isosorbitol / Isosorbitol dinitrate
- Mannitol / Mannitol hexanitrate
- Pentaerythritol / Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Cyclic Polyol Nitrate Esters
Properties
Alkyl nitrates are oily liquids or colorless solids, insoluble in water, but more soluble in organic solvents. Due to vasodilatory effects, nitrate esters can cause strong headaches, because blood vessels in the brain widen. The more volatile the ester is, the simpler it is to get a "nitrate headache".[1]
Handling
Safety
Most alkyl nitrates tend to be explosive, which means proper protection must be worn when working with said compounds.
