Difference between revisions of "Water"

From Sciencemadness Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
m (→‎Relevant Sciencemadness threads)
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
'''Water''' is a chemical compound with the formula H<sub>2</sub>O and is a versatile solvent often used in the laboratory.
+
{{Chembox
 +
| Name = Water
 +
| Reference =
 +
| IUPACName = Water
 +
| PIN =
 +
| SystematicName =
 +
| OtherNames = DHMO<br>Dihydrogen monoxide<br>Dihydrogen oxide<br>Hydrogen oxide<br>Oxidane<br>Hydric acid<br>Hydrogen hydroxide<br>Hydrogenyl alcohol
 +
<!-- Images -->
 +
| ImageFile = Water.jpg
 +
| ImageSize = 270
 +
| ImageAlt =
 +
| ImageName =
 +
| ImageFile1 =
 +
| ImageSize1 =
 +
| ImageAlt1 =
 +
| ImageName1 =
 +
| ImageFile2 =
 +
| ImageSize2 =
 +
| ImageAlt2 =
 +
| ImageName2 =
 +
| ImageFile3 =
 +
| ImageSize3 =
 +
| ImageAlt3 =
 +
| ImageName3 =
 +
| ImageFileL1 =
 +
| ImageSizeL1 =
 +
| ImageAltL1 =
 +
| ImageNameL1 =
 +
| ImageFileR1 =
 +
| ImageSizeR1 =
 +
| ImageAltR1 =
 +
| ImageNameR1 =
 +
| ImageFileL2 =
 +
| ImageSizeL2 =
 +
| ImageAltL2 =
 +
| ImageNameL2 =
 +
| ImageFileR2 =
 +
| ImageSizeR2 =
 +
| ImageAltR2 =
 +
| ImageNameR2 =
 +
<!-- Sections -->
 +
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
 +
| 3DMet =
 +
| Abbreviations =
 +
| SMILES =
 +
  }}
 +
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
 +
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant =
 +
| Appearance = Colorless liquid
 +
| BoilingPt =
 +
| BoilingPtC = 100
 +
| BoilingPt_ref =
 +
| BoilingPt_notes =
 +
| Density = ''See [[Density#Water|here]]''
 +
| Formula = H<sub>2</sub>O
 +
| HenryConstant =
 +
| LogP = -1.38
 +
| MolarMass = 18.01528(33) g/mol
 +
| MeltingPt =
 +
| MeltingPtC = 0
 +
| MeltingPt_ref =
 +
| MeltingPt_notes = (ultrapure water can supercool as low as −48.3 °C)
 +
| Odor = Odorless
 +
| pKa = 13.995
 +
| pKb = 13.995
 +
| Solubility =
 +
| SolubleOther = Reacts with [[acid anhydride]]s, [[acyl chloride]]s, certain inorganic chlorides, <br>Miscible with some lower-chain liquids ([[alcohol]]s, [[amine]]s, [[carboxylic acid]]s, cyclic [[ether]]s), [[acetaldehyde]], [[acetone]], [[acetonitrile]], [[Dimethyl sulfoxide|DMSO]], [[Dimethylformamide|DMF]], [[hydrazine]], [[hydrogen cyanide]], [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone]], [[nitric acid]], [[sulfolane]], [[sulfuric acid]]<br>Slightly soluble in [[carbonate ester]]s, [[ethyl acetate]], [[furfural]], [[methyl ethyl ketone]], [[methyl formate]], [[nitromethane]]<br>Immiscible with [[carbon disulfide]], [[ester]]s, [[ether]]s, halocarbons, hydrocarbons
 +
| Solvent =
 +
| VaporPressure = 0.031276 atm (at 25 °C)
 +
  }}
 +
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
 +
| Coordination =
 +
| CrystalStruct = Hexagonal (ice)
 +
| MolShape =
 +
  }}
 +
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
 +
| DeltaGf = -237.24 kJ/mol
 +
| DeltaHc =
 +
| DeltaHf = -285.83 ± 0.040 kJ/mol
 +
| Entropy = 69.95 ± 0.03 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup>
 +
| HeatCapacity = 75.375 ± 0.05 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup>
 +
  }}
 +
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive
 +
| ShockSens = Non-explosive
 +
| FrictionSens = Non-explosive
 +
| DetonationV = Non-explosive
 +
| REFactor = Non-explosive
 +
  }}
 +
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards
 +
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable
 +
| ExploLimits = Non-explosive
 +
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/qz58DgT/water-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]
 +
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
 +
| LD50 = ~100,000 mg/kg
 +
| LC50 =
 +
| MainHazards = Drowning
 +
| NFPA-F =
 +
| NFPA-H =
 +
| NFPA-R =
 +
| NFPA-S =
 +
  }}
 +
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related
 +
| OtherAnions =
 +
| OtherCations =
 +
| OtherFunction =
 +
| OtherFunction_label =
 +
| OtherCompounds = [[Hydrogen peroxide]]
 +
  }}
 +
}}
 +
'''Water''' is a chemical compound with the formula '''H<sub>2</sub>O''' and is a versatile solvent often used in the laboratory.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
 
===Chemical===
 
===Chemical===
 
Water the most commonly used laboratory solvent, due to its property of not being flammable like many other solvents, ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds, cheapness and availability, and non-toxicity as well as being mostly inert.
 
Water the most commonly used laboratory solvent, due to its property of not being flammable like many other solvents, ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds, cheapness and availability, and non-toxicity as well as being mostly inert.
 +
 +
Water will react with alkaline metals, alkaline earth metals (except [[beryllium]]) and [[lanthanide]]s to release [[hydrogen]] gas.
 +
 +
:M + H<sub>2</sub>O → MOH + H<sub>2</sub>
 +
 +
Addition of water to many anhydrous transition metal salts and some post-transition metal salts will give the hydroxy salt of said metal, which, if heated will not return back to the anhydrous salt, but instead it will form a compound containing an oxygen or a hydroxide and the anion of the compound. A good example is the dissolution of [[tin(II) chloride]] or [[aluminium chloride]] in water. Transition metal halides, like [[titanium(IV) chloride]] will hydrolyze in contact with water.
  
 
====Self-ionization====
 
====Self-ionization====
Line 9: Line 124:
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
−
Water is a colorless liquid with a density of 1.00g/ml, a boiling point of 100°C, and a freezing point of 0°C. It is odorless, tasteless, and somewhat volatile.
+
Water is a clear colorless liquid with a density of 1.00 g/ml at 4 °C, a boiling point of 100 °C, and a freezing point of 0°C. It is odorless, tasteless, and somewhat volatile.
  
 
==Availability==
 
==Availability==
 
Distilled water is available at most grocery stores for less than one dollar per gallon. Tap water is essentially free. Some home setups for distillation of water can actually produce enough distilled water for lab use, but energy costs are a major concern.
 
Distilled water is available at most grocery stores for less than one dollar per gallon. Tap water is essentially free. Some home setups for distillation of water can actually produce enough distilled water for lab use, but energy costs are a major concern.
 +
 +
For most reactions, it's best to used distilled water, either bought or made, as the presence of chlorine in tap water may interfere with some reagents (ex: [[silver nitrate]]).
  
 
==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
Line 18: Line 135:
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
−
Water is a widely used solvent and is often the only solvent used in beginner inorganic chemistry, or it's more common term of "wet chemistry".
+
Water is a widely used solvent and is often the only solvent used in beginner inorganic chemistry, or its more common term of "wet chemistry".
 
*Dissolving alkali metals in water
 
*Dissolving alkali metals in water
 
*Making hydroxides from metal oxides
 
*Making hydroxides from metal oxides
Line 36: Line 153:
 
===Storage===
 
===Storage===
 
Distilled water should be stored in closed bottles, away from heat or light sources to limit its evaporation, as well as to reduce its contamination with dust or other contaminants (otherwise you won't be needing pure water).
 
Distilled water should be stored in closed bottles, away from heat or light sources to limit its evaporation, as well as to reduce its contamination with dust or other contaminants (otherwise you won't be needing pure water).
 +
 +
If you need ultrapure water for various sensitive analyses (such as pH), it's mandatory you air-tight the water bottle/containers, as water will rapidly absorb carbon dioxide from air, which lowers the pH.
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===
Line 43: Line 162:
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=19355 Why does my Distilled water have a pH of 5.6 ???]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=28928 Distilled water density]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=73666 Distilled vs Deionized Water]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=73225 Distilling water]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=1984 distilled water]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=5506 Purity of store bought distilled water]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=64837 how to make double distilled water]
 +
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=65320 Survey : How much distilled water is enough ?]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=77538 NFPA-704: water is not reactive at all ?]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=76602 Water battery with an electrode of a Magnesium salt.]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=64602 Water >> H2 and 1/2O2 electrolysis]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=8020 How much of water is empty space?]
  
 
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
 
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
Line 50: Line 181:
 
[[Category:Oxygen compounds]]
 
[[Category:Oxygen compounds]]
 
[[Category:Oxides]]
 
[[Category:Oxides]]
−
[[Category:Materials available as food grade]]
 
−
[[Category:Edible chemicals]]
 
 
[[Category:Solvents]]
 
[[Category:Solvents]]
−
[[Category:Liquids]]
 
 
[[Category:Polar solvents]]
 
[[Category:Polar solvents]]
 +
[[Category:Protic solvents]]
 +
[[Category:Liquids]]
 +
[[Category:Readily available chemicals]]
 +
[[Category:Materials available as food grade]]
 +
[[Category:Edible chemicals]]
 +
[[Category:Essential reagents]]

Latest revision as of 23:33, 14 July 2019

Water
Water.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Water
Other names
DHMO
Dihydrogen monoxide
Dihydrogen oxide
Hydrogen oxide
Oxidane
Hydric acid
Hydrogen hydroxide
Hydrogenyl alcohol
Properties
H2O
Molar mass 18.01528(33) g/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor Odorless
Density See here
Melting point 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K) (ultrapure water can supercool as low as −48.3 °C)
Boiling point 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K)
Solubility Reacts with acid anhydrides, acyl chlorides, certain inorganic chlorides,
Miscible with some lower-chain liquids (alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, cyclic ethers), acetaldehyde, acetone, acetonitrile, DMSO, DMF, hydrazine, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen peroxide, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, nitric acid, sulfolane, sulfuric acid
Slightly soluble in carbonate esters, ethyl acetate, furfural, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl formate, nitromethane
Immiscible with carbon disulfide, esters, ethers, halocarbons, hydrocarbons
Vapor pressure 0.031276 atm (at 25 °C)
Acidity (pKa) 13.995
Thermochemistry
69.95 ± 0.03 J·mol-1·K-1
-285.83 ± 0.040 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet Sigma-Aldrich
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
~100,000 mg/kg
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Hydrogen peroxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Water is a chemical compound with the formula H2O and is a versatile solvent often used in the laboratory.

Properties

Chemical

Water the most commonly used laboratory solvent, due to its property of not being flammable like many other solvents, ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds, cheapness and availability, and non-toxicity as well as being mostly inert.

Water will react with alkaline metals, alkaline earth metals (except beryllium) and lanthanides to release hydrogen gas.

M + H2O → MOH + H2

Addition of water to many anhydrous transition metal salts and some post-transition metal salts will give the hydroxy salt of said metal, which, if heated will not return back to the anhydrous salt, but instead it will form a compound containing an oxygen or a hydroxide and the anion of the compound. A good example is the dissolution of tin(II) chloride or aluminium chloride in water. Transition metal halides, like titanium(IV) chloride will hydrolyze in contact with water.

Self-ionization

Water is able to ionize and form hydronium and hydroxide ions in solution in concentrations of about one ten millionth of a molar.

Physical

Water is a clear colorless liquid with a density of 1.00 g/ml at 4 °C, a boiling point of 100 °C, and a freezing point of 0°C. It is odorless, tasteless, and somewhat volatile.

Availability

Distilled water is available at most grocery stores for less than one dollar per gallon. Tap water is essentially free. Some home setups for distillation of water can actually produce enough distilled water for lab use, but energy costs are a major concern.

For most reactions, it's best to used distilled water, either bought or made, as the presence of chlorine in tap water may interfere with some reagents (ex: silver nitrate).

Preparation

Water can be prepared by the ignition of any hydrocarbon or hydrogen. It can also be prepared by distillation of water from a lake or ocean, however none of the methods are economical due to the cheap price of water.

Projects

Water is a widely used solvent and is often the only solvent used in beginner inorganic chemistry, or its more common term of "wet chemistry".

  • Dissolving alkali metals in water
  • Making hydroxides from metal oxides
  • Hydrated crystals
  • Ice crystals
  • Cooling baths
  • Oxoacids
  • Generating hydrogen or oxygen via electrolysis
  • Solvent extraction/washing

Handling

Safety

Ingestion of large amounts (really, really large amounts) of pure water can upset the osmotic balance is the body. The human body is composed mainly of water, though small amounts of any liquid, including water, can be fatal when inhaled, through a process commonly known as drowning.

It is recommended that a specific supply of distilled water is purchased.

Storage

Distilled water should be stored in closed bottles, away from heat or light sources to limit its evaporation, as well as to reduce its contamination with dust or other contaminants (otherwise you won't be needing pure water).

If you need ultrapure water for various sensitive analyses (such as pH), it's mandatory you air-tight the water bottle/containers, as water will rapidly absorb carbon dioxide from air, which lowers the pH.

Disposal

Down the drain the water goes. Or in the garden. Just be sure it's clean water.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

Retrieved from "https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Water&oldid=11748"