Piezoelectricity
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Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as (salt) crystals, certain ceramics, as well as organic/biological matter such as bone, proteins, and other compounds—in response to applied mechanical stress.
Contents
[hide]General
The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and electrical states in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting the piezoelectric effect also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect, the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field.
Piezoelectric materials
Crystalline materials
- Aluminium phosphate/Berlinite (AlPO4) – a rare phosphate mineral that is structurally identical to quartz
- Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14) – a quartz-analogous crystal
- Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4) – a quartz-analogous crystal
- Lead titanate/macedonite (PbTiO3)
- Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)
- Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3)
- Quartz (silicon dioxide)
- Rochelle salt
- Sugar (sucrose)
- Topaz
- Tourmaline-group minerals
Ceramics
- Barium titanate (BaTiO3) – Barium titanate was the first piezoelectric ceramic discovered.
- Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) – a promising candidate for the replacement of lead-based ceramics.
- Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12)
- Ba2NaNb5O5
- Pb2KNb5O15
- Lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) – more commonly known as PZT, the most common piezoelectric ceramic in use today.
- Potassium niobate (KNbO3)
- Sodium niobate (NaNbO3)
- Sodium bismuth titanate (NaBi(TiO3)2)
- Sodium tungstate (Na2WO3)
- Zinc oxide (ZnO) – Wurtzite structure. While single crystals of ZnO are piezoelectric and pyroelectric, polycrystalline (ceramic) ZnO with randomly oriented grains exhibits neither piezoelectric nor pyroelectric effect.
Other
- DNA, viral proteins, aminoacids (β-glycine)
- Group III–V and II–VI semiconductors (AlN, GaN, InN, etc.)
- Organic polymers (polyvinylidene fluoride, etc.)
