White Yeti
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Starting a lab, striking the right balance (beginners please read).
Oftentimes, when starting a laboratory, the newly initiated have a difficult time striking the balance between what to buy, and what to make. This was
my case, when I began as well, so I feel it's necessary to resolve this issue clearly so as to avoid repeating mistakes.
For example, making sulfuric acid makes for a decent discussion, but it has been tried before, and many have found that it's too much work and not
rewarding enough for the effort required. In few words, there are better things to do.
I took the time to write a list of essential chemicals from which almost any inorganic chemical can be made. I think this is a comprehensive list of
chemicals for any home chemist.
Here were the criteria for the list:
The chemicals have to be,
-mostly unregulated
-cheap
-easy to obtain because of widespread use in industry/photography/food processing etc...
Attachment: List of Essential Materials.docx (99kB)
This file has been downloaded 838 times
Many of you might wonder why some things are not on the list, like bromine, phosphorus, Et2O, HNO3, sodium metal, oleum, hydrazine, iodine, and sodium
cyanide. This is because in most cases these chemicals are easier to make than to buy.
Some reagents I marked with an asterisk. The reasons vary, in the case of lead, gallium, and mercury, they are not essential elements of a lab, but
could come in handy in organic syntheses. The same goes for chromium trioxide.
As for ammonium nitrate, I wish things were different, but its use in fertilisers is declining because terrorists and morons think that making
fertiliser bombs is cool, or should I say k3W1. I vaguely remember the days where one could walk into a store and ask for some ammonium nitrate
fertilizer, no raised eyebrows, no questions asked. Those days are gone, and obtaining ammonium nitrate is not as easy, or safe, as it once was.
A regulated power supply comes in handy for electrochemistry; a tube furnace comes in very handy for those considering challenging organic and
inorganic syntheses, but it is not necessary for starting out.
You might also notice that my list of organic chemicals is rather short. The primary reason is that in organic chemistry, there are relatively few
organic chemicals that are useful for every synthesis. Solvents are the major exception, so I provided a list of common useful solvents.
I hope at least some of you will find this useful.
"Ja, Kalzium, das ist alles!" -Otto Loewi
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kavu
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I would tweak the list of solvents a bit. Most used solvents in (organic) chemistry lab are hexane, ethyl acetate and DCM. An important consideration
in starting a home lab is the waste management. How and where to dispose halogenated solvent waste, heavy metal waste and so forth.
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Hexavalent
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I would also add nitric acid to the list of mineral acids (for instance, I have a small bottle of lactic acid, and, with the exception of making
lactate salts, I have never found a productive use for it - conversely, I feel that nitric acid is a versatile reagent for the amateur and has many
uses.): it can often be purchased online, or can be made if necessary using relatively simple techniques.
"Success is going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm." Winston Churchill
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White Yeti
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@Hexavalent
I completely agree, nitric acid is a very versatile acid. I also have to say that it's sometimes more convenient to produce nitric acid in situ when
performing a nitration as opposed to just adding the pure acid.
I did not include it because I felt that its synthesis was simple and reliable enough to carry out when a need for nitric acid arose.
I admit lactic acid may not be equally useful for everyone. I use it pretty often to make saline solutions and buffers, but that's just me.
@kavu
I included cyclohexane in the list, it's not that different (chemically) from straight chained or branched hexanes. The same goes for chloroform and
DCM. Halogenated waste can be disposed of in several different ways. The best way I know is to oxidise chloroform with an excess of hypochlorite to
form formate, which can be washed down the drain. Usually though, you try to recover as much of the chloroform/DCM by distillation before cleaning the
glassware. Another option is to let the containers that contained halogenated alkanes dry outside to let the solvent evaporate off.
"Ja, Kalzium, das ist alles!" -Otto Loewi
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Xenon1898
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List of Reactions?
Thanks for the topic, this is very useful.
Now that we have the essential starting materials.... what to do with them? Seriously, is there a downloadable list of chemical reactions somewhere
that would reasonably match up with this kind of basic materials list that is reasonable to synthesize in a home lab? I suppose there are millions of
things that could be made, and I find a few rxn databases on the Internet. But I feel like I am re-inventing the wheel by scrounging for data on each
individual reaction to make my list of reactions tailored to a home chemist (the db's I've found require searching one element or compound at a time
and return one reaction at a time).
“If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?”
-Albert Einstein
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White Yeti
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A list of reactions is something that many people have tried and failed with. This doesn't mean that there are no resources, it just depends on your
level of understanding of chemistry. This forum alone has a large library on everything from industrial chemistry to home chemistry.
I understand why you think that a lot of chemistry at your point is like re-inventing the wheel. That's because inorganic reactions can be separated
into three groups, metathesis, single replacement, and decomposition. Metathesis reaction are often the easiest, but also the most useless,
decomposition reactions can be both. Decomposing sodium bicarbonate to sodium carbonate is easily done on a stove while the decomposition of calcium
carbonate to calcium oxide requires very high temperatures and a significant level of skill.
Redox reactions are the most useful in inorganic chemistry (in my mind). This is where you react a reducing agent with an oxidising agent to give
something completely new. Alluding to single replacement reactions, dropping a piece of zinc metal into a solution of copper sulfate is a classic
redox reaction, the copper gets reduced and precipitates from solution while the zinc gets oxidized and goes into solution.
Still, single replacement reactions are not very useful, what you really want to look for, are complex redox reactions whereby anions
are oxidised or reduced. For example, to produce elemental phosphorus, you need to reduce the most common form of phosphorus, phosphate
(PO4-3). Here is the general reaction:
2 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 SiO2 + 10 C → 6CaSiO3 + 10 CO + P4
Another example is the carbothermal reduction of calcium sulfate to calcium sulfide:
CaSO4 + 2 C → CaS + 2 CO2
These are difficult reactions to perform, requiring high temperatures, but some are a bit easier. The production of sodium cyanide from cyanate is
heavily documented on this forum. The reduction proceeds with powdered carbon as a reducing agent (surprise!) and the synthesis only requires moderate
heat, about 400-500C last time I checked. Sodium cyanate can be made by heating urea with sodium carbonate.
I suggest trying one reaction that hasn't been documented yet on this site, making sodium dithionite from sodium bisulfite and zinc metal. There are
numerous reports on the use of sodium dithionite as a reducing agent in organic chemistry where agents like sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium
hydride would have had similar effectiveness. The difference is that one is easier to obtain, and cheaper than the other.
"Ja, Kalzium, das ist alles!" -Otto Loewi
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Xenon1898
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Ah thank you, I appreciate the response. My question of a list of chemical reactions for the home lab is actually a sub-set of a larger question that
is more appropriate for the computational section of this forum, so I will take it there.
If anyone reads this and happens to have a list of chemical reactions for the home lab they could share I would be very appreciative! Thanks, and
please see my other post in the computational section if you happen to know of larger rxn lists available somewhere.
“If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?”
-Albert Einstein
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chemrox
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Quote: Originally posted by kavu  | | I would tweak the list of solvents a bit. Most used solvents in (organic) chemistry lab are hexane, ethyl acetate and DCM. An important consideration
in starting a home lab is the waste management. How and where to dispose halogenated solvent waste, heavy metal waste and so forth.
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Well said. I like the list except for the solvents. There's no getting around proper waste disposal. When I was an undergraduate chemistry student
there was an outside dump. As a project I sampled a downgradient pond and found it full of halogenated crap. Today I bite the bullet and carry my
waste to the garbage contractor who logs it in for eventual incineration. I am a "conditionally exempt small quantity generator." Others might be
able to pay a company that has a regular waste stream to carry a bit extra. Since we pay by weight it behooves us to minimize and go green where
possible. This is a good thing.
"When you let the dumbasses vote you end up with populism followed by autocracy and getting back is a bitch." Plato (sort of)
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White Yeti
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So are you suggesting ditching the DCM and chloroform from the list and adding ethyl acetate? I guess beginners may not know how to dispose of
chlorinated solvents properly. Handling these solvents is also a pain I guess; I'll put asterisks next to these.
I know waste generation, minimisation, and neutralisation is essential for any home lab, especially when groundwater is involved. I personally much
prefer diethyl ether, methanol and ethanol for extractions than chlorinated solvents. I didn't put Et2O because it can be difficult to obtain and
easier to synthesise than to buy.
Any further suggestions for the list of solvents? I was hesitant about including toluene and xylene, but these hydrocarbons can be used for reactions
in addition to solvation.
"Ja, Kalzium, das ist alles!" -Otto Loewi
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zenosx
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I have most of whats on the list, and unless I missed it, one of the #1 things a home chemist (or pro for that matter) will need is an extensive array
of cleaning brushes and such. The first time you try to clean a test-tube without a proper brush will leave you aggravated to say the least.
A question that sometimes drives me hazy: am I or are the others crazy?
Albert Einstein
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White Yeti
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Yes, brushes come in handy. I should have also included test tubes and well plates in the list. The large test tubes come in really handy. Small test
tubes are just unnecessarily irritating.
[edit] I may also add a digital multimeter and assorted thermocouples to the list. Those are also a tremendous help when working with high
temperatures.
[Edited on 2-6-2013 by White Yeti]
"Ja, Kalzium, das ist alles!" -Otto Loewi
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kadriver
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I have several test tube brushes with metal handles.
They get real rusty after a few uses.
Is there such a thing as a nylon handled test tube brush with nylon bristles?
Thanks, kadriver
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White Yeti
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You could try galvanizing the handle. It's not the most glamorous solution, but it will work if done correctly. All you need is a zinc solution and a
zinc anode. Make sure to thoroughly clean the surface of the handle, perhaps by immersing in vinegar.
I use paper towels and a skewer to clean test tubes, none of that fancy equipment you people keep mentioning
"Ja, Kalzium, das ist alles!" -Otto Loewi
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Hexavalent
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Yes there is, and I have one
Scrub brushes suitable for chemistry can often be found with baby supplies, meant to clean out bottles when they're washed and sterilised.
"Success is going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm." Winston Churchill
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AndersHoveland
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In terms of reagents, I think the best thing to do is to buy them specifically as you need them. And hold on to it, even after your experiment when
you think you will probably never use it again. I have been surprised many times years later when I learn more about chemistry and went to perform a
new experiment, often the experiment requires some strange compound which I had thought I would never have any use for ever again.
Which compounds to buy also depends much on what type of chemistry you think you will be focusing on.
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woelen
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I have written a webpage about setting up a home lab for inorganic chemistry experiments. It covers the purchase of basic equipment and what chemicals
one can start with.
http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/misc/homelab.html
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Steve_hi
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In the list chemical for the basic lab the salts of sodium and potassium is it a good idea to have both cations of these compounds or can either be
used
[Edited on 24-2-2013 by Steve_hi]
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Hexavalent
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Having both won't hurt, but it is usually unnecessary as they are often interchangeable.
"Success is going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm." Winston Churchill
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