Difference between revisions of "Beryllium"

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'''Beryllium''' is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4.
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{{Infobox element
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|image name 2=
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Beryllium
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|symbol=Be
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce ref=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance=Silvery-white
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=-
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|below=[[Magnesium|Mg]]
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|left=[[Lithium]]
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|right=[[Boron]]
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|number=4
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|atomic mass=9.0121831(5)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass ref=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=
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|series ref=
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|series comment=
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|series color=
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|group= 2
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|group ref=
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|group comment=(alkaline earth metals)
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|period=2
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=s
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[He] 2s<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 2
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery-white
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=1560
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|melting point C=1287
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|melting point F=​2349
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=2742
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|boiling point C=2469
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|boiling point F=​4476
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|boiling point ref=
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|boiling point comment=
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|sublimation point F=
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|sublimation point ref=
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|sublimation point comment=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gplstp comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt=1.85
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|density gpcm3nrt ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=
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|density gpcm3mp=1.69
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|density gpcm3mp ref=
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|density gpcm3mp comment=
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|density gpcm3bp=
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|density gpcm3bp ref=
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|density gpcm3bp comment=
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|molar volume ref=
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|molar volume comment=
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point ref=
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|triple point comment=
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|triple point K 2=
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|triple point kPa 2=
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|triple point 2 ref=
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|triple point 2 comment=
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|critical point K=5205
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|critical point MPa=
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|critical point ref=
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|critical point comment=
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|heat fusion=12.2
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion comment=
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|heat fusion 2=
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|heat fusion 2 ref=
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|heat fusion 2 comment=
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|heat vaporization=292
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|heat vaporization ref=
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|heat vaporization comment=
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|heat capacity=16.443
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|heat capacity ref=
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|heat capacity comment=
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 ref=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=1462
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|vapor pressure 10=1608
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|vapor pressure 100=1791
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|vapor pressure 1 k=2023
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|vapor pressure 10 k=2327
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|vapor pressure 100 k=2742
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure comment=
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 ref=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states='''+2''', +1
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=(an amphoteric oxide)
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|electronegativity=1.57
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1=899.5
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1,757.1
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=14,848.7
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=112
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=96±3
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=153
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|Van der Waals radius ref=
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|Van der Waals radius comment=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure prefix=
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|crystal structure ref=
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|crystal structure comment=Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 prefix=
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|crystal structure 2 ref=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound ref=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=12,890
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=
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|thermal expansion at 25=11.3
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
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|thermal conductivity=200
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity comment=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
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|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
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|thermal diffusivity=
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|thermal diffusivity ref=
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|thermal diffusivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity=36·10<sup>-9</sup>
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|electrical resistivity unit prefix=
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|electrical resistivity ref=
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|electrical resistivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 0=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 20=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=
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|band gap=
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|band gap ref=
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|band gap comment=
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|Curie point K=
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|Curie point ref=
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|Curie point comment=
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|magnetic ordering=Diamagnetic
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|magnetic ordering comment=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=287
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=
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|Shear modulus=132
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=
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|Bulk modulus=130
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=
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|Poisson ratio=0.032
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=
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|Mohs hardness=5.5
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|Mohs hardness ref=
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|Mohs hardness comment=
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|Mohs hardness 2=
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
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|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
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|Vickers hardness=1670
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|Vickers hardness ref=
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=590–1320
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|Brinell hardness comment=
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|CAS number=7440-41-7
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|CAS number ref=
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|CAS number comment=
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<!-- History -->
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|naming=
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date ref=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by= Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
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|discovery date ref=
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|discovery date=1798
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|first isolation by=Friedrich Wöhler & Antoine Bussy
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|first isolation date ref=
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|first isolation date=1828
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|discovery and first isolation by=
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|named by=
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|named date ref=
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|named date=
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|history comment label=
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|history comment=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
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|isotopes=
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|isotopes comment=
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|engvar=
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}}
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'''Beryllium''' is the chemical element with the symbol '''Be''' and atomic number 4.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
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Beryllium samples can be bought online from [http://www.elementsales.com/pl_element.htm Metallium], in ampoules (recommended) or pellets and rods.
 
Beryllium samples can be bought online from [http://www.elementsales.com/pl_element.htm Metallium], in ampoules (recommended) or pellets and rods.
  
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Beryllium can be found in beryllium copper/bronze tools, in concentrations between 0.5—3%.
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Beryllium can be found in beryllium copper/bronze tools, in concentrations between 0.5—3%. Extraction is a complex process and may not worth the effort, especially due to the low concentration of Be.
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Cavity magnetrons used in microwave ovens have a [[beryllium oxide]] insulator at both ends, which is usually colored in pink or white, right above the brass mesh gasket and the other near the contacts. However, extracting the metal from the oxide is very dangerous, as beryllium compounds are more toxic than the metal, due to being soluble.
  
 
==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
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==Projects==
 
==Projects==
 
*Synthetic gemstones
 
*Synthetic gemstones
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*X-ray window
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*Element collecting
  
 
==Handling==
 
==Handling==
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===Storage===
 
===Storage===
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Bulk metal should be kept away from strong acids or sharp objects. Powdered beryllium must be kept in closed containers, away from any draft.  
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Bulk beryllium metal should be kept away from strong acids or sharp objects. Powdered beryllium must be kept in closed containers, away from any draft.  
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===

Latest revision as of 13:34, 17 March 2018

Beryllium,  4Be
General properties
Name, symbol Beryllium, Be
Appearance Silvery-white
Beryllium in the periodic table
-
↑
Be
↓
Mg
Lithium ← Beryllium → Boron
Atomic number 4
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 9.0121831(5)
Group, block (alkaline earth metals); s-block
Period period 2
Electron configuration [He] 2s2
per shell
 2, 2
Physical properties
Silvery-white
Phase Solid
Melting point 1560 K ​(1287 °C, ​​2349 °F)
Boiling point 2742 K ​(2469 °C, ​​4476 °F)
Density near r.t. 1.85 g/cm3
when liquid, at  1.69 g/cm3
Critical point 5205 K,  MPa
Heat of fusion 12.2 kJ/mol
Heat of 292 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 16.443 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states +2, +1 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.57
energies 1st: 899.5 kJ/mol
2nd: 1,757.1 kJ/mol
3rd: 14,848.7 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 112 pm
Covalent radius 96±3 pm
Van der Waals radius 153 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod 12,890 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 11.3 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 200 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 36·10-9 Ω·m
Magnetic ordering Diamagnetic
Young's modulus 287 GPa
Shear modulus 132 GPa
Bulk modulus 130 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.032
Mohs hardness 5.5
Vickers hardness 1670 MPa
Brinell hardness 590–1320 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-41-7
History
Discovery Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1798)
First isolation Friedrich Wöhler & Antoine Bussy (1828)
· references

Beryllium is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4.

Properties

Chemical

Beryllium is more chemically similar to aluminium than its close neighbors in the periodic table, due to having a similar charge-to-radius ratio. A protective oxide layer forms around beryllium that prevents further reactions with air unless heated above 1000 °C. It will dissolve in alkali solutions and non-oxidizing acids, such as hydrochloric acid releasing hydrogen gas, but not in nitric acid, as it forms a protective oxide layer, similar to aluminium. It will also dissolve in alkali solutions.

Like aluminium halides, beryllium halides tend to be covalent due to the small atomic radius and high charge density.

Physical

Beryllium is a white-gray and hard metal, brittle at room temperature and has a close-packed hexagonal crystal structure. It has exceptional stiffness (Young's modulus 287 GPa) and a reasonably high melting point. Beryllium has high specific heat (1925 J·kg−1·K−1) and thermal conductivity (216 W·m−1·K−1), which make beryllium the metal with the best heat dissipation characteristics per unit weight. Beryllium has the fastest speed of sound in any known metal, with a value of 12.9 km/s at standard conditions.

Availability

Beryllium samples can be bought online from Metallium, in ampoules (recommended) or pellets and rods.

Beryllium can be found in beryllium copper/bronze tools, in concentrations between 0.5—3%. Extraction is a complex process and may not worth the effort, especially due to the low concentration of Be.

Cavity magnetrons used in microwave ovens have a beryllium oxide insulator at both ends, which is usually colored in pink or white, right above the brass mesh gasket and the other near the contacts. However, extracting the metal from the oxide is very dangerous, as beryllium compounds are more toxic than the metal, due to being soluble.

Preparation

Beryllium metal can be prepared by reducing beryllium chloride with potassium metal, in an inert atmosphere:

BeCl2 + 2 K → 2 KCl + Be

It can also be prepared from the electrolysis of a mixture of molten beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride.

Projects

  • Synthetic gemstones
  • X-ray window
  • Element collecting

Handling

Safety

Although beryllium and beryllium compounds have interesting properties worth studying, both are extremely toxic, and inhaling their dust can result in a serious medical condition called "berylliosis". The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists beryllium and beryllium compounds as Category 1 carcinogens.

Storage

Bulk beryllium metal should be kept away from strong acids or sharp objects. Powdered beryllium must be kept in closed containers, away from any draft.

Disposal

Best to try to recycle it.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

Retrieved from "https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Beryllium&oldid=8484"