Difference between revisions of "Fuming"
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| − | '''Fuming''' is a phenomenon displayed by certain liquids. It manifests in visible fumes, consisting of droplets of fog appearing when the liquid contacts air. Fumes are usually corrosive and/or toxic. | + | '''Fuming''' is a phenomenon displayed by certain liquids and a few solids. It manifests in visible fumes, consisting of droplets of fog appearing when the liquid contacts air. Fumes are usually corrosive and/or toxic. Chemicals that readily hydrolyze in moist air will fume vigorously. |
| − | == Specific fuming liquids == | + | == Specific fuming liquids and solids== |
===Acids=== | ===Acids=== | ||
| + | * '''[[Fluorosulfuric acid]]''' fumes in moist air, releasing a mist of sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid. | ||
* '''[[Hydrochloric acid]]''' fumes when in high concentrations; the fumes consist of the acid itself and are formed when hydrogen chloride gas that escapes the solution combines itself with water vapor found in air. The fumes have a characteristic smell of hydrogen chloride. | * '''[[Hydrochloric acid]]''' fumes when in high concentrations; the fumes consist of the acid itself and are formed when hydrogen chloride gas that escapes the solution combines itself with water vapor found in air. The fumes have a characteristic smell of hydrogen chloride. | ||
| + | * '''[[Nitric acid]]''' fumes at high concentrations. The fumes have a characteristic smell of nitric acid. | ||
* '''[[Sulfuric acid]]''' does not fume at room temperature, but is known to fume when hot. The fumes are a mixture of sulfuric acid droplets and sulfur oxides. The fumes do not have a strong smell but pose a potent choking hazard. | * '''[[Sulfuric acid]]''' does not fume at room temperature, but is known to fume when hot. The fumes are a mixture of sulfuric acid droplets and sulfur oxides. The fumes do not have a strong smell but pose a potent choking hazard. | ||
** '''[[Oleum]]''' produces fumes similar to those of hot sulfuric acid, however, it fumes profusely even when cold. | ** '''[[Oleum]]''' produces fumes similar to those of hot sulfuric acid, however, it fumes profusely even when cold. | ||
| − | * '''[[ | + | *'''[[Trifluoroacetic acid]]''' will fume in open air, but it does not hydrolyze in presence of water. |
| + | *'''[[Aqua regia]]''' readily fumes, giving off [[nitrogen dioxide]] and [[nitrosyl chloride]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Amines=== | ||
| + | *'''[[Ethylenediamine]]''' readily fumes in moist air, forming a hydrated form, and sometimes even carbonate. | ||
| + | *'''[[Hydrazine]]''' fumes significantly in open air, forming hydrates and carbonates. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Elements=== | ||
| + | *'''[[Bromine]]''' is known to fume at standard conditions, which makes storage difficult. | ||
| + | *'''[[Iodine]]''' does not fume strongly at room temperature, though if let a small sample on a white surface, a yellow stain will rapidly form on the surface around the iodine. Iodine itself will slowly sublime, effect which grows stronger with temperature, visible fuming appearing at high temperatures. | ||
| + | *'''White [[phosphorus]]''', while not a liquid, will readily oxidize in open air and give off [[phosphorus pentoxide]] fumes and may even catch fire. | ||
===Halides=== | ===Halides=== | ||
| + | *'''[[Acetyl chloride]]''' hydrolyzes in contact to atmospheric moisture, giving off hydrogen chloride and acetic acid. | ||
| + | *'''[[Chromyl chloride]]''' hydrolyzes releasing hydrogen chloride and hexavalent chromium | ||
| + | *'''[[Disulfur dichloride]]''' hydrolyzes when exposed to moist atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. | ||
| + | *'''[[Phosphorus pentabromide]]''' hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen bromide fumes. | ||
| + | *'''[[Phosphorus pentachloride]]''' hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride fumes. | ||
| + | *'''[[Phosphorus tribromide]]''' hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen bromide fumes. | ||
| + | *'''[[Phosphorus trichloride]]''' hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride fumes. | ||
| + | *'''[[Phosphorus triiodide]]''' hydrolyzes when exposed to moist atmosphere, giving off hydrogen iodide and iodine fumes. | ||
| + | *'''[[Phosphoryl bromide]]''' hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen bromide fumes. | ||
| + | *'''[[Phosphoryl chloride]]''' hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride fumes. | ||
| + | *'''[[Sulfur dichloride]]''' hydrolyzes when exposed to moist atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. | ||
*'''[[Sulfuryl chloride]]''' hydrolyzes when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. | *'''[[Sulfuryl chloride]]''' hydrolyzes when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. | ||
*'''[[Thionyl chloride]]''' hydrolyzes and fumes similar to sulfuryl chloride. | *'''[[Thionyl chloride]]''' hydrolyzes and fumes similar to sulfuryl chloride. | ||
| − | *'''[[Titanium | + | *'''[[Tin(IV) chloride]]''' hydrolyzes in moist air, releasing hydrogen chloride and tin(II) oxide. |
| + | *'''[[Titanium(IV) chloride]]''' readily fumes in moist air at any temperature, giving off hydrogen chloride and [[titanium dioxide]] mist. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Oxides=== | ||
| + | *'''[[Sulfur trioxide]]''' hydrolyzes strongly in open air, giving off copious amounts of sulfuric acid. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Safety and hazards== | ||
| + | Working with fuming chemicals should be done outside or in a fumehood. Never work with them in a poorly ventilated room. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 18:10, 30 July 2024
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Fuming is a phenomenon displayed by certain liquids and a few solids. It manifests in visible fumes, consisting of droplets of fog appearing when the liquid contacts air. Fumes are usually corrosive and/or toxic. Chemicals that readily hydrolyze in moist air will fume vigorously.
Contents
Specific fuming liquids and solids
Acids
- Fluorosulfuric acid fumes in moist air, releasing a mist of sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid.
- Hydrochloric acid fumes when in high concentrations; the fumes consist of the acid itself and are formed when hydrogen chloride gas that escapes the solution combines itself with water vapor found in air. The fumes have a characteristic smell of hydrogen chloride.
- Nitric acid fumes at high concentrations. The fumes have a characteristic smell of nitric acid.
- Sulfuric acid does not fume at room temperature, but is known to fume when hot. The fumes are a mixture of sulfuric acid droplets and sulfur oxides. The fumes do not have a strong smell but pose a potent choking hazard.
- Oleum produces fumes similar to those of hot sulfuric acid, however, it fumes profusely even when cold.
- Trifluoroacetic acid will fume in open air, but it does not hydrolyze in presence of water.
- Aqua regia readily fumes, giving off nitrogen dioxide and nitrosyl chloride.
Amines
- Ethylenediamine readily fumes in moist air, forming a hydrated form, and sometimes even carbonate.
- Hydrazine fumes significantly in open air, forming hydrates and carbonates.
Elements
- Bromine is known to fume at standard conditions, which makes storage difficult.
- Iodine does not fume strongly at room temperature, though if let a small sample on a white surface, a yellow stain will rapidly form on the surface around the iodine. Iodine itself will slowly sublime, effect which grows stronger with temperature, visible fuming appearing at high temperatures.
- White phosphorus, while not a liquid, will readily oxidize in open air and give off phosphorus pentoxide fumes and may even catch fire.
Halides
- Acetyl chloride hydrolyzes in contact to atmospheric moisture, giving off hydrogen chloride and acetic acid.
- Chromyl chloride hydrolyzes releasing hydrogen chloride and hexavalent chromium
- Disulfur dichloride hydrolyzes when exposed to moist atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide.
- Phosphorus pentabromide hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen bromide fumes.
- Phosphorus pentachloride hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride fumes.
- Phosphorus tribromide hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen bromide fumes.
- Phosphorus trichloride hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride fumes.
- Phosphorus triiodide hydrolyzes when exposed to moist atmosphere, giving off hydrogen iodide and iodine fumes.
- Phosphoryl bromide hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen bromide fumes.
- Phosphoryl chloride hydrolyzes rapidly when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride fumes.
- Sulfur dichloride hydrolyzes when exposed to moist atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide.
- Sulfuryl chloride hydrolyzes when exposed to atmosphere, giving off hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide.
- Thionyl chloride hydrolyzes and fumes similar to sulfuryl chloride.
- Tin(IV) chloride hydrolyzes in moist air, releasing hydrogen chloride and tin(II) oxide.
- Titanium(IV) chloride readily fumes in moist air at any temperature, giving off hydrogen chloride and titanium dioxide mist.
Oxides
- Sulfur trioxide hydrolyzes strongly in open air, giving off copious amounts of sulfuric acid.
Safety and hazards
Working with fuming chemicals should be done outside or in a fumehood. Never work with them in a poorly ventilated room.
