CaCl2
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Collection of copper compounds.
Hi, I have been lurking this forum for a while, but I finally decided to post my collection of copper compounds.
https://imgur.com/a/nPxHC
From left to right
CuSO4 (White)
Mostly dry copper sulfate can be prepared simply by heating the pentahydrate and quickly storing the product before it absorbs muistutetaan from the
air.
CuO (Black)
Easy to prepare by adding solution of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate to a solution of CuSO4 and filtering out the basic copper carbonate. The basic
carbonate is then heated until it becomes copper oxide.
CuCl2 (Brown)
Prepared by adding HCl-solution to the basic copper carbonate or the oxide and removing the water by heating.
Cu2O (Red)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict's_reagent
173g of sodium citrate, 17.3g of copper sulfate pentahydrate and 100g of sodium carbonate are mixed into a solution.
Then about 40g of glucose is dissolved into other solution, and the solutions are mixed. Cu2O is precipitated, and can be filttered off.
The filttering must be done quickly, because wet Cu2O reacts to form CuO, and is diifficult because the precipitate is very fine.
This reaction generally has an pretty horrible wield.
Cu3(SO3)2 (Orange)
http://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php/Chevreul's_salt
Chevreuls salt is prepared by mixing solutions of sodium metabisulfite and copper sulfate. The precipitate must be ground into finner powder to get
orange colour, the coarser powder is dark red.
Cs2CuCl4 (Yellow)
http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/CsCuCl3/inde...
Small amount CuCl2 is dissolved in concentrated hcl, solution of CsCl2 is added The concentration of copper must be low to avoid the formation of the
red trichloro complex.
The precipitate that forms is then filtered of and dried.
Other than hydrated Cu2O this is the only yellow compound of copper I have been able to find information about, an compound that doesn't require the
valuable CsCl2 would be preferable
Cu2(OH)3Cl (green)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicopper_chloride_trihydroxide
"Copper oxychloride" doesn't always have an precise stoichiometry, but I believe the preparation method I used should give something close to one.
A solution of CuCl2 and NaCl in water is exposed to air, and an copper metal object is submerged in the solution. After a few days the formed green
precipitate is filtered and washed.
CuCl2 + Cu + 2 NaCl → 2 NaCuCl2
6 NaCuCl2 + 3/2 O2 + H2O → 2 Cu2(OH)3Cl + 2 CuCl2 + 6 NaCl
I would prefer an compound easily prepared to precise stoichiometry, but pure green copper compounds are surprisingly rare.
Cu2(CH3COO)4(H2O)2 (Cyan)
Copper acetate can be prepared by either adding acetic acid (found in vinegar)
to basic copper carbonate or copper oxide, or simply keeping copper objects submerged in a solution of acetic acid exposed to air for several weeks.
After evaporating the water, dark green crystals are left behind, which can be ground into blue-green powder.
CaCu(CH3COO)4(H2O)6 (Blue)
http://dmishin.blogspot.fi/2014/03/crystal-growing-acetates-...
About 4 mass units of calcium acetate and 1 unit of copper acetate are dissolved in water. On partial evaporation, blue crystals are produced, these
are used to make a blue powder.
While blue compounds of copper are common, most of them become very faintly colored when ground into powder. Calsium-Copper acetate retains most of
its colour
Cu(C6H8NO2)2(H2O)2 (Violet)
Zinc picolinate and copper sulfate are dissolved in hot water, on cooling copper picolinate precipitates. I sadly forgot to record the amounts of Zinc
picolinate and copper sulphate to use, but they were pretty easy to find by experimentation.
Other option for violet would be to use copper ammine complexes, but they are hard to get in pure form.
For all of these colours, the only "real" reagent needed is the CsCl, all the other things can be bought from normal stores.
The tiny bottles were sold as "parfyme testers"
I'm currently working on a similar set of compounds for iron, which has proven to be more difficult for some of the colours.
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by CaCl2]
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j_sum1
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That's a lovely little rainbow. Beautifully-presented samples and a nice little write-up.
Might I suggest you also post that pic to the pretty pictures thread. It will get more admirers there whereas this thread will eventually sink.
Another possibility for the violet is the copper sodium di-isocyanuric acid complex; although that is a bit brighter and more purple than the
picolinate you used.
I am looking forward to seeing the iron. In my experience, iron is a bit more fickle. There are more oxides and hydroxides to work around and
keeping control of the oxidation state is harder. Red, blue, orange, yellow, light green, black and brown seem to have obvious candidates but I m not
sure what you might choose for the violet. A deep green might require some thought also.
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CaCl2
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Quote: Originally posted by j_sum1  | That's a lovely little rainbow. Beautifully-presented samples and a nice little write-up.
I am looking forward to seeing the iron. In my experience, iron is a bit more fickle. There are more oxides and hydroxides to work around and
keeping control of the oxidation state is harder. Red, blue, orange, yellow, light green, black and brown seem to have obvious candidates but I m not
sure what you might choose for the violet. A deep green might require some thought also. |
I have been considering iron ascorbate for (brownish) violet, there are several other options too but they are far more difficult to make.
phenol complexes, ferrates, and I also found some paper about an formic acid compound that resembles prussian blue but is purple.
Thanks for the pretty pictures thread link.
And yes, I agree that iron is significantly more difficult to work with.
Copper is just so nice... Complexes break in a sane amount of time, solutions don't oxidize in air, usually only one oxidation state, not extremely
toxic/carcinogenic, the basic carbonate reacts easily with even weak acids...
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by CaCl2]
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by CaCl2]
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by CaCl2]
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diddi
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you may be interested in reviewing the entries to the 'copper challenge' that ran about 18 months ago.
Beginning construction of periodic table display
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j_sum1
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Agreed.
Start of thread: https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=62...
Entries: https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=62...
[edit]
And maybe it is time for a new competition? Perhaps iron based?
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by j_sum1]
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Ozone
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Love me some Fe...
With Fe (I used 3+), you get forest green with caffeic acid, blue green with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and royal purple with phenol.
o-phenanthroline gives orange/red (see also KSCN, dark red). Ferrous sulfate is a nice (albeit light) green.
Blue, except for Prussian blue, will be tricky, though! Hydroxamic acid with cyanide? (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6236709).
The best blue I've seen was Mn+5 made by carefully reducing permanganate with bisulfite--sadly, it readily oxidizes in air. Isolation of solid Mn+5
would be a real trick.
It seems like everything I ever mixed it (Fe) with made either rust, or something splendid. Trouble is reactivity with air and pH dependent
solubility.
O3
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by Ozone]
-Anyone who never made a mistake never tried anything new.
--Albert Einstein
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CaCl2
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Is pure ferrous sulphate green or blue-green?
Apparently it can be either, but I think one of them is a mixture with something else.
https://www.google.fi/search?q=iron+II+sulphate&client=f...
For green I use potassium ferrioxallate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_ferrioxalate
Other than that at the moment for iron I have:
Iron (III) benzoate for white(ish?)
Fe3O4 for black
"iron III acetate" for brown
Iron II oxallate for yellow.
And prussian blue for blue. (though in pure form it is almost black)
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by CaCl2]
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by CaCl2]
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by CaCl2]
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j_sum1
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Ooh. I forgot the Fe/phenol. Good reminder O3.
I agree on the Mn(V). Great blue. There is a photo around by a former member, strontiumred. (He may have had another username for this forum - I
don't remember and I don't have his site bookmarked on my phone.) His Mn(V) pic is stunning.
edit
ammonium ferroxalate is what I was thinking of for green but you do have light sensitivity issues.
Most ferrous sulfate I have seen looks dirty due to oxidatuon to 3+.
[Edited on 14-1-2017 by j_sum1]
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DraconicAcid
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Ammonium ferrous sulphate is also green, and I think it's more stable than the simple salt.
Please remember: "Filtrate" is not a verb.
Write up your lab reports the way your instructor wants them, not the way your ex-instructor wants them.
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aga
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Very nice rainbow !
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RobRylan
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Love this! Sounds like it'd be a fun project to make all these one day.
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