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IndependentBoffin
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90 - 99% nitric acid using dichloromethane
In Jared Ledgard's book "Preparatory Manual of Explosives" he describes a method to produce 99% HNO<sub>3</sub> by dehydrating 70%
HNO<sub>3</sub> with 98% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, adding methylene chloride or dichloromethane and then
distilling off the latter.
| Quote: |
Into an appropriate sized beaker place 94 milliliters of 98% sulfuric, and then 106 milliliters of 70% nitric acid. Then extract this acid mixture
with seven 200-millilter portions of methylene chloride. Afterwards, combine all seven portions of methylene chloride (if not already done so). The
result will be a 99% nitric acid solution in methylene chloride. This methylene chloride/nitric acid mixture can be used directly in nitrations (if
desired), or separated to recover pure 99% nitric acid. To separate the mixture, place the mixture into a distillation apparatus, and then carefully
distill at 40 Celsius until no more methylene chloride is collected in the receiver flask. |
If we are dissolving the HNO<sub>3</sub> in a non-aqueous solvent and then boiling the solvent off, I don't understand why it is necessary
to dehydrate the HNO<sub>3</sub> first with H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.
What happens if you add CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> to 70% HNO<sub>3</sub>, separate out the non-aqueous
CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> layer using a separatory funnel and then distill that? Or will some water be dissolved in the
CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>, reducing the purity of your HNO<sub>3</sub>?
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UKnowNotWatUDo
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My guess is the sulfuric acid acts to sequester the water to keep it from interacting with the nitric acid. Without it the nitric acid would partition
between the water and dichloromethane, and I very much doubt that the ratio would be favorable.
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woelen
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In normal 65% to 70% nitric acid, a large part of the acid is ionized, as described by the simplified equation below:
HNO3 + H2O <--> H3O(+) + NO3(-)
The ionized part of the acid cannot be transferred to the DCM. Only the completely covalent compound HNO3 can be extracted into the DCM, not the ions.
So, if you extract from 70% acid, then only a small part is extracted into the DCM, the remaining part remains in the aqueous layer as NO3(-) and
H3O(+).
If you add concentrated sulphuric acid, then the water is bound tightly to the H2SO4 and nearly all of the nitric acid is present as molecules HNO3
(some of it will be present as NO2(+) and hence will not be extracted into the DCM).
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DJF90
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I seem to recall mention that this author is a little "unreliable"..?
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hissingnoise
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I think you're wildly overrating him DJF90 but anyway there's this patent.
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IndependentBoffin
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Quote: Originally posted by woelen  | In normal 65% to 70% nitric acid, a large part of the acid is ionized, as described by the simplified equation below:
HNO3 + H2O <--> H3O(+) + NO3(-)
The ionized part of the acid cannot be transferred to the DCM. Only the completely covalent compound HNO3 can be extracted into the DCM, not the ions.
So, if you extract from 70% acid, then only a small part is extracted into the DCM, the remaining part remains in the aqueous layer as NO3(-) and
H3O(+).
If you add concentrated sulphuric acid, then the water is bound tightly to the H2SO4 and nearly all of the nitric acid is present as molecules HNO3
(some of it will be present as NO2(+) and hence will not be extracted into the DCM). |
Ah thanks for explanation Woelen 
I understand now, using H2SO4 to shift the equilibrium back to the non-ionised HNO3 and letting that dissolve in the DCM.
I can sell the following:
1) Various high purity non-ferrous metals - Ni, Co, Ta, Zr, Mo, Ti, Nb.
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3) NdFeB magnets
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PHILOU Zrealone
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If it is based on an equilibrium, then it could be handy to try by adding a very soluble anhydrous nitrate into the mix...
Maybe Ca(NO3)3, Al(NO3)3, Mg(NO3)2
Anhydrous would take some water away into cristalisation water or solvatation water thus shifting to the left for more HNO3
Extra NO3(-) will also make it go to the side of more HNO3...
Thus a double effect.
HNO3 + H2O <--> H3O(+) + NO3(-)
Also with a cold distillation system those salts might be handy to collect concentrated HNO3 from 69% HNO3...
PH Z (PHILOU Zrealone)
"Physic is all what never works; Chemistry is all what stinks and explodes!"-"Life that deadly disease, sexually transmitted."(W.Allen)
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hissingnoise
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| Quote: | | If it is based on an equilibrium, then it could be handy to try by adding a very soluble anhydrous nitrate into the mix... |
Nitrate salts are neither necessary nor desirable as the DCM extracts anhydrous HNO<sub>3</sub> from the solution . . .
HNO<sub>3</sub> forms a loose complex with DCM!
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Formatik
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I'd also treat the mixture of nitric acid and dichloromethane with respect. It doesn't compare to perchloric acid admixtures, but the mixtures have
been studied with regards to detonation. Pure nitric acid (d20/4 = 1.510) in dichloromethane, which mixture has more than 87% of CH2Cl2 is not
detonable (briefly mentioned in doi: 10.1007/BF00698246).
The Ledgard book: is the same book that claims ammonium chlorate is stable, whereas all literature known states ammonium chlorate is a spontaneously
exploding compound. I do not trust anything written in that book after that surreal and unresearched claim. The purported procedure for making copper
fulminate also doesn't work. I've seen other errors skimming through the book, but could care less what they are.
[Edited on 1-6-2011 by Formatik]
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IndependentBoffin
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| Quote: Originally posted by Formatik | I'd also treat the mixture of nitric acid and dichloromethane with respect. It doesn't compare to perchloric acid admixtures, but the mixtures have
been studied with regards to detonation. Pure nitric acid (d20/4 = 1.510) in dichloromethane, which mixture has more than 87% of CH2Cl2 is not
detonable (briefly mentioned in doi: 10.1007/BF00698246).
The Ledgard book: is the same book that claims ammonium chlorate is stable, whereas all literature known states ammonium chlorate is a spontaneously
exploding compound. I do not trust anything written in that book after that surreal and unresearched claim. The purported procedure for making copper
fulminate also doesn't work. I've seen other errors skimming through the book, but could care less what they are.
|
What exactly do you mean by "with respect"? Ensure that there is an excess of DCM so it isn't detonable? Don't heat (above 40C) or shock it?
Can you recommend an equivalent but safer/better researched tome that discusses the preparation of various explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics?
I can sell the following:
1) Various high purity non-ferrous metals - Ni, Co, Ta, Zr, Mo, Ti, Nb.
2) Alkex para-aramid Korean Kevlar analogue fabric (about 50% Du Pont's prices)
3) NdFeB magnets
4) High purity technical ceramics
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Rosco Bodine
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| Quote: Originally posted by IndependentBoffin | | Can you recommend an equivalent but safer/better researched tome that discusses the preparation of various explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics?
|
hmmmm, .....yeah....this forum is a better source and
so is the E&W archive .....but you have to separate the wheat from the chaff
Urbanski, PATR, COPAE, and others are better information
than Ledgard. Ledgard is a fraud.
[Edited on 2-6-2011 by Rosco Bodine]
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Formatik
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In example 7 of the patent given by hissingnoise, the solution was distilled without noting any explosion, if a patent is good enough for you (some
patents have proposed cooky things). The patent's idea of freezing out the nitric acid (example 6) is also interesting, may prove a bit more
challenging, but sounds safer. The temperatures there are easily reached with dry ice. Pulverizing or breaking up the dry ice would also allow better
surface area to it.
But the mere fact it is detonable, means I would take the regular precautions with such a material, e.g. avoid direct flame and shock. Don't over heat
it. I can't tell you how sensitive the mixtures would be exactly, as I haven't tinkered with them. My estimate is that the height of sensitivity
occurs when the mixture is near and at being oxygen balanced, as such binary systems tend to be most sensitive when oxygen balanced (in this case it's
47.1% HNO3 and 52.9% CH2Cl2).
| Quote: Originally posted by IndependentBoffin | | Can you recommend an equivalent but safer/better researched tome that discusses the preparation of various explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics?
|
Rosco has beaten me to a few of those. Books by Tenney Davis, Basil T. Federoff, T. Urbanski, and Alfred Stettbacher are good. In addition older tomes
of information such as Gmelin's or Beilstein's Handbuch (German works, but also available as a database in some universities). Patent literature also,
but is more or less good than the aforementioned.
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IndependentBoffin
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Thanks folks 
Can't find the other references in the Sciencemadness library but for those interested COPAE can be downloaded here:
"Chemistry of Powder and Explosives," Davis, Tenney L. (1943)
http://library.sciencemadness.org/library/books/the_chemistr...
I'm reading the nitric esters section of COPAE and can't seem to find a step by step recipe for making ETN.
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3) NdFeB magnets
4) High purity technical ceramics
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Username
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As a self proclaimed boffin I don't understand why the use of google presents you with such a degree of trouble.
There are numerous threads on the synthesis of ETN on this forum with all the information you could possibly want.
COPAE doesn't have much to say on ETN, see page 235-236.
Apologies for the off topic reply.
[Edited on 2-6-2011 by Username]
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IndependentBoffin
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| Quote: Originally posted by Username | As a self proclaimed boffin I don't understand why the use of google presents you with such a degree of trouble.
There are numerous threads on the synthesis of ETN on this forum with all the information you could possibly want.
COPAE doesn't have much to say on ETN, see page 235-236.
Apologies for the off topic reply.
[Edited on 2-6-2011 by Username] |
Chill out.
When I asked for an equivalent text to Ledgard's tome I meant how to make various energetics in the same detail, e.g. see my OP.
I checked for ETN because that is the compound I am currently interested in but do not see such step-by-step instructions for making 166 different
energetics as in Ledgard's tome, his mistakes notwithstanding.
I can sell the following:
1) Various high purity non-ferrous metals - Ni, Co, Ta, Zr, Mo, Ti, Nb.
2) Alkex para-aramid Korean Kevlar analogue fabric (about 50% Du Pont's prices)
3) NdFeB magnets
4) High purity technical ceramics
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hissingnoise
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Because they're quite similar, in nitration, erythritol can be treated as mannitol . . .
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Bolt
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^ No, I don't agree with that statement.. in that case glycerol would be able to be treated as erythritol.
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hissingnoise
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| Quote: | | No, I don't agree with that statement.. in that case glycerol would be able to be treated as erythritol. |
Well one being liquid and one solid does obviously make them quite different!
Yet they're both nitrated by mixed acid but erythritol, with its several OH groups, requires lower temps to prevent runaway and glycerol, like
erythritol, is nitrated satisfactorily @ 0°C . . .
[edit] Mannitol, having 6 OH groups is prone to runaway during nitration at temps not far above ~0°C . . .
[Edited on 3-6-2011 by hissingnoise]
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Fluorite
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Are you sure there's 0.0000% chance this wouldn't make Phosgene?
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Fyndium
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Would it be possible to dehydrate and distill HNO3 by adding large amount of desiccant?
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Tsjerk
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Yes, see Nurdrage's last video on YT for example, he uses two different desiccants. He has a lot of video's on nitric acid.
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teodor
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@Fundium : see Brauer and/or sciencemadness wiki. Of course it is possible, the method of dealing with its decomposition makes the difference between
different approaches. Extraction of HNO3 by organic layer (which eliminates the decomposition) is very interesting concept but probably almost all
possible mixtures will have some tendency to explode.
[Edited on 5-11-2020 by teodor]
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B(a)P
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| Quote: Originally posted by teodor | @Fundium : see Brauer and/or sciencemadness wiki. Of course it is possible, the method of dealing with its decomposition makes the difference between
different approaches. Extraction of HNO3 by organic layer (which eliminates the decomposition) is very interesting concept but probably almost all
possible mixtures will have some tendency to explode.
[Edited on 5-11-2020 by teodor] |
Are you referring to the post two above yours? If so, this is worth a look. Dehydration seems to be proven to be effective. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88gbfCnrV8o
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teodor
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| Quote: Originally posted by B(a)P | | Quote: Originally posted by teodor | @Fundium : see Brauer and/or sciencemadness wiki. Of course it is possible, the method of dealing with its decomposition makes the difference between
different approaches. Extraction of HNO3 by organic layer (which eliminates the decomposition) is very interesting concept but probably almost all
possible mixtures will have some tendency to explode.
[Edited on 5-11-2020 by teodor] |
Are you referring to the post two above yours? If so, this is worth a look. Dehydration seems to be proven to be effective. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88gbfCnrV8o |
Thanks. Mg(NO3)2 method is new for me but H2SO4 is still more effective. Getting RFNA (instead of WFNA) is what I referred as an acid decomposition
during the process. That's why I said the extraction with an organic layer is very interesting if there is a real combination of HNO3 and some
covalent compound miscible with it which could be distilled of below the temperature of HNO3 decomposition safely.
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B(a)P
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| Quote: Originally posted by teodor | | That's why I said the extraction with an organic layer is very interesting if there is a real combination of HNO3 and some covalent compound miscible
with it which could be distilled of below the temperature of HNO3 decomposition safely. |
Totally agree, that is the HNO3 holy grail.
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