Diachrynic
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Tetraphenylazadipyrromethene
This interesting chromophore scaffold forms the basis of something interesting red to near infrared emitters in the class of BODIPY derivatives. Even
though in this preparation no boron is introduced, the substance itself is quite pretty and rewarding.
Step 1: Chalcone
The synthesis begins with chalcone, also known as benzalacetophenone. For this I followed the procedure given by Orgsyn pretty much exactly.
Synthesis:
A three necked round bottom flask in an ice bath equipped with an internal thermometer, a mechanical overhead stirrer (Note 1) and a stopper, placed
in an icebath, is charged with 6.78 g (> 90 %, 109 mmol, 1.3 eq.) KOH and 20 g (95 %, 25 mL) undenatured ethanol and the solution left to precool
until about 12 °C. Then 10.40 g (86 mmol, 1 eq.) acetophenone (Note 2) was added and stirred in, and finally 9.30 g (98 mmol, 1.1 eq.) of
benzaldehyde (Note 3) were added all at once with strong stirring. As no strong exotherm was noted the internal temperature was regulated to 23 °C
(target 25 °C) by replacing the ice bath with a water bath. The mixture was stirred for two hours, remaining liquid. By briefly lowering it into an
ice bath it could be solidified, the resulting suspension was stirred for another hour and placed in the fridge for 18 hours. It was vacuum filtered
over a fritted funnel and washed with about 100 mL of cold 20 % ethanol, then with 300 mL of cold water, then with very dilute (< 1 %) acetic acid,
then with more water. The washing water had a pH of 6. After drying this crude product for 18 hours at 40-45 °C, the mass decreased from 24 g to
about 17.4 g.
For recrystallization, the substance was dissolved in about 45 mL of 50 °C undenatured 95 % ethanol (Note 4). After an hour at room temperature, only
little crystals had formed, but cooling to -18 °C forced good crystallization. After 10 hours it was vacuum filtered off, washed with 10 mL of cold
ethanol and dried at 40-45 °C.
Yield: 15.26 g (85 %, 73.3 mmol, literature: 85 %)
Fig. 1: Purified chalcone.
Notes:
1. The mechanical stirring might not have been needed, although if the mixture crystallized sooner, maybe it would have been.
2. Orgsyn notes the acetophenone should be as pure as possible, as impurities reduce the yield more than purification of the acetophenone does. I used
commercially available acetophenone that was in storage for several years without further purification.
3. The benzaldehyde was commercial and several years old, but used without further purification.
4. This is the Orgsyn recommendation (95 % ethanol saturated at 50 °C to prevent oiling out). Friends I've talked to also recommend petrol ether as a
recrystallization solvent.
Analysis:
The product was used directly for the next reaction, but a TLC of the chalcone can be seen as a comparison lane in the product analysis of the next
step (single spot visible).
Literature:
[1] - E. P. Kohler, H. M. Chadwell, "Benzalacetophenone", Org. Synth. 1922, 2, 1, https://doi.org/10.15227/orgsyn.002.0001
Step 2: 4-Nitro-1,3-diphenyl-1-butanone
4-Nitro-1,3-diphenyl-1-butanone, also known as γ-nitro-β-phenylbutyrophenone, is produced by Michael-addition of (deprotonated) nitromethane to
chalcone. There are various choices of base, and procedures with for example potassium carbonate,[1] potassium hydroxide,[2]
sodium hydroxide,[3] diethyl amine[4] and sodium methoxide[5] are known. The procedure with sodium methoxide appealed
to me the most because of the extensive description and high reported yields.
Synthesis:
1.56 g of metallic sodium are cut and cleaned from mineral oil in petrol ether. In a 50 mL flask with reflux condenser was placed 10 g of methanol
predried over 3 A molecular sieves, and the flask was cooled in an ice bath. The sodium was added slowly, initially the reaction was quite vigorous,
but it quickly slowed down. The second half of sodium reacted very slowly and required taking away the ice bath, heating with a heatgun and gentle
heating from the hotplate. The total dissolution took about 3 hours. The resulting solution was drawn into a 10 mL syringe with Luer-lock and a
wide-gauge needle.
Into a separate 100 mL flask were placed 10.4 g chalcone, 23.7 g of a 16 % nitromethane in methanol solution (equivalent to 3.8 g of nitromethane and
20.0 g of methanol) and a stir bar. Everything was dissolved by heating the solution to 40 °C.
Into this 40 °C solution was injected the methoxide solution over the course of about 30 seconds. Initially some turbidity or precipitate formed, but
the exothermic reaction heated the solution almost to the boiling point, turning the solution clear and orange. The solution was left for eight
minutes, then placed into a salted ice bath, and left to cool to 11 °C (which took three minutes). Then with strong stirring 4.5 g of glacial acetic
acid were added. The temperature raises to 26 °C and a large amount of yellow solid forms. After stirring with a glass rod in ice for 50 minutes the
mixture was filtered over a glass Büchner funnel and washed with 35 mL of 30 % ethanol, then with 25 mL of 20 % ethanol, then with water and dried on
the pump. The solid becomes quite powdery but retains much solvent, as it weighs about 20.85 g at this point.
  
Fig. 2-4: Progression of the reaction.
The solid was recrystallized from 60 mL of 99 % ethanol at 70 °C, it was filtered hot. On cooling, agitating the filtrate caused it to set into a
pasty mass. After cooling over night in the fridge it was vacuum filtered, pressed out on the filter, washed with 20 mL of 50 % ethanol and dried on
the pump. Then it was dried for 24 hours at 50 °C in the drying oven.
Yield: 10.50 g (78 %) of a white powder.
Fig. 5: Nitroketone product.
Analysis:
The melting point was determined as 91-92 °C. The literature values fluctuate but are given as 68.4-69.4 °C,[3] 99-99.5
°C,[4] and 103 °C.[5]
TLC on silica 60 F254 with 7/3 n-hexane/EtOAc as the eluent and visualisation under 250 nm and 270 nm UV gave the chalcone as a single spot
at Rf 0.55, the unrecrystallized product as a large spot with Rf 0.42 with some trail below and some residue on the starting
line and the final product as a single spot with Rf 0.42. The literature Rf for the product is 0.55.[3] Using
vanillin-sulfuric acid as a stain, the chalcone already on light heating shows up as a yellow spot, while on stronger heating (heatgun set to 270 °C)
the nitroketone shows up as a violet-purple spot.
Fig. 6: TLC plate under UV. Chalcone (left), crude product (middle), final product (right), inbetween co-spots of adjacent lanes. Slight upwards curve
due to incomplete solvent evaporation from spotting.
Literature:
[1] - R. Gresser, H. Hartmann, M. Wrackmeyer, K. Leo, M. Riede, "Synthesis of thiophene-substituted aza-BODIPYs and their optical and electrochemical
properties", Tetrahedron 2011, 67, 37, 7148-7155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.100
[2] - C. You, X. Li, D. Wang, H. Chen, L. Liang, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, H. Xiang, "Self-Assembled Aza-Boron-Dipyrromethene for Ferroptosis-Boosted
Sonodynamic Therapy", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202210174, Angew. Chem. 2022, 134,
e202210174. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202210174
[3] - T. Hlogyik, R. Laczkó-Rigó, É. Bakos, M. Poór, Z. Kele, C. Özvegy-Laczka, E. Mernyák, "Synthesis and in vitro photodynamic
activity of aza-BODIPY-based photosensitizers", Org. Biomol. Chem. 2023, 21, 6018-6027. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3OB00699A
[4] - M. C. Kloetzel, "Reactions of Nitroparaffins. I. Synthesis and Reduction of Some γ-Nitroketones", J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1947, 69, 10, 2271-2275. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01202a010
[5] - (a) E. P. Kohler, "The addition of aliphatic nitro compounds to unsaturated compounds", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1916, 38, 4,
889-900. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02261a018, (b) E. P. Kohler, "A new type of cyclic compounds", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1924, 46, 2,
503-517. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01667a029
Step 3: Tetraphenylazadipyrromethene
The obtained nitroketone is finally cyclized into the desired product. This step is sadly quite inefficient and low yielding. The reaction mechanism
was thoroughly investigated using isotope labeling in 2012,[1] but it is complex. From this paper I will also use the reaction conditions
with ammonium acetate in ethanol, but earlier reports have used ammonium formate melts instead.[2] Using higher boiling alcohols like
butanol is also possible from what I've read.
Synthesis:
1.03 g (3.82 mmol) of 4-nitro-1,3-diphenyl-1-butanone, 10.3 g (133 mmol, 35 eq.) of commercial anhydrous ammonium acetate and 40 mL of anhydrous
undenatured ethanol are placed together with a stir bar inside a 100 mL round bottom flask in an oil bath equipped with a reflux condenser and a
CaCl2 drying tube. The oil bath was heated until the ethanol started to gently reflux, and the color changed from colorless to yellowish,
to pink, and then to blue. The solution was refluxed for 24 hours, then left to cool for two hours and filtered off using vacuum. The solid was washed
with 20 mL of ethanol and obtained as a black paste with a metallic shine. After drying overnight they weighed 0.400 g (46 %).
Fig. 7-8: Top: Progression of the reaction during the first 30 minutes and after 10 hours. Bottom: Paste after filtration.
The solid was then recrystallized from 60 mL of boiling xylene (it is very hard to tell if everything is dissolved because the solution is such a deep
dark blue), it was filtered hot, cooled to room temperature and then placed over night into the fridge. It was filtered, dried on the pump and dried
at 150 °C for three hours.
Yield: 0.250 g (29 %, literature: 35 %)
 
Fig. 9-10: Solid product and solutions in xylene under different lighting conditions.
Discussion:
Instead of recrystallization, sublimation might also be a viable way of purification.[2] Unfortunately, I haven't gotten around to confirm
purity yet, so the yield should be viewed with some reservation. I think the color and appearance, as well as the intermediate products, are
indicative of the identity of the final product, however.
Literature:
[1] - M. Grossi, A. Palma, S. O. McDonnell, M. J. Hall, D. K. Rai, J. Muldoon, D. F. O'Shea, "Mechanistic Insight into the Formation of
Tetraarylazadipyrromethenes", J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 20, 9304-9312. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo301972w
[2] - M. A. T. Rogers, "156. 2 : 4-Diarylpyrroles. Part I. Synthesis of 2 : 4-diarylpyrroles and 2 : 2' : 4 : 4'-tetra-arylazadipyrromethines", J.
Chem. Soc. 1943, 590-596. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9430000590
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Boffis
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@Diachrynic, very nice write-up and a really interesting read. I love the structure sort of half a porphyrin type compound. I was going to ask you if
you thought it possible to deprotonate the imine group and form metal salt-complexes but I see in the reference you give that they have already made
various metal complexes.
Nice work and keep it up!
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Diachrynic
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Thanks Boffis! Yeah, it is certainly possible. I've done a test tube experiment with the ligand and zinc acetate in n-butanol,[1] and there
was a color change to a much deeper blue and away from the purple it had before. It reminded me a lot of a methylene blue solution. The solution
wasn't fluorescent under 365 nm UV (the metal complexes usually aren't it seems) and I didn't try to isolate the result, but the color change does
indicate complex formation.
The most interesting part is probably to combine it with BF3 to produce the corresponding BODIPY-derivative because of their fluorescence. But it will involve making the boron trifluoride, which while probably doable[2] I am
not particularly looking forward to.
[1] - M. Kryjewski, B. Wicher, N. Bojanowski, E. Tykarska, J. Mielcarek, "Zinc(II) azadipyrromethene complexes substituted at the distal phenyl rings
– Structure and spectroscopical properties", Polyhedron 2020, 192, 114820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2020.114820
[2] - W. Hellriegel, "Über Fluorotetraborat, Oxotetraborat und über eine neue Darstellung von Borfluorid.", Ber. dtsch. Chem. Ges. A/B
1937, 70, 689-690. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.19370700418
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Keras
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Speaking of acetophenone, I was planning to synthesise some starting from a Grignard between acetaldehyde and bromobenzene followed by oxidation using
whatever's handy. Does that sound sensible?
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Random
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Quote: Originally posted by Keras  | | Speaking of acetophenone, I was planning to synthesise some starting from a Grignard between acetaldehyde and bromobenzene followed by oxidation using
whatever's handy. Does that sound sensible? |
There was according to my personal memory this AcetoPhenone synthesis on LambdaSyn, VersuchChemie or IlluminaChemie.
...
It was done according to my personal memory from easier to obtain reagent.
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Diachrynic
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| Quote: Originally posted by Keras | | I was planning to synthesise some starting from a Grignard between acetaldehyde and bromobenzene followed by oxidation using whatever's handy.
|
That is possible, although acetaldehyde has a tendency to oligomerize. Acetonitrile might also be a useable synthon, as it is more stable and also
saves the oxidation step?
Here is a procedure for isotopically labeled 1-phenylethanol based on acetaldehyde: E. M. Zippi, "Synthesis of Phenyl-13C6-ethene.", J. Labelled
Compd. Radiopharm. 2001, 44, 11, 757-761. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.501
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Niklas
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| Quote: Originally posted by Diachrynic |
That is possible, although acetaldehyde has a tendency to oligomerize. Acetonitrile might also be a useable synthon, as it is more stable and also
saves the oxidation step? |
While this would definitely be an improvement to using acetaldehyde, I consider the idea of doing it by Grignard at all to be far from ideal.
Acetophenone is an important precursor in a bunch of synthesis, and Grignard reactions aren’t particularly the safest or cheapest to scale.
I think disconnecting it in a typical SEAr fashion is the way to go really, by using acetonitrile as the acyl ion equivalent. This reaction in
particular should be known as Houben Hoesch reaction.
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