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roXefeller
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n-nitrodiethylamine
I'm looking at my chem shelf at a couple bottles of diethylamine HCl and I'm thinking, can this be taken to a nitramine, or maybe just a nitrate salt?
It is already strongly alkaline and the warning against mixing with oxidizers is there. Low temps are a must. It has a rather low density so I'm
not sure there is any value to it, unless it can form with a lead nitrate salt.
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underground
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Quote: Originally posted by underground  | With a little search i have found that the bicycle tire inner tube is made out of PIB, so. i just took a small piece of that material, and dip it into
some gasoline, but it looks like it can not be dissolved by gasoline, so i was wondering what else solvent can i use to dissolve that ?
[Edited on 7-3-2014 by underground] |
I have found that there are some plastics that they can really dissolved in gasoline, so i was wondering if it is PIB, is there any other type plastic
that gasoline can dissolve ?
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VladimirLem
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| Quote: Originally posted by underground | | Quote: Originally posted by underground | With a little search i have found that the bicycle tire inner tube is made out of PIB, so. i just took a small piece of that material, and dip it into
some gasoline, but it looks like it can not be dissolved by gasoline, so i was wondering what else solvent can i use to dissolve that ?
[Edited on 7-3-2014 by underground] |
I have found that there are some plastics that they can really dissolved in gasoline, so i was wondering if it is PIB, is there any other type plastic
that gasoline can dissolve ? |
polystyene do...so maybe other hydrocarbons do too? dunno
if its not PIB, i think you could use this stuff for some kind of phlegmatising (if you want to^^)...
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underground
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| Quote: Originally posted by VladimirLem |
polystyene do...so maybe other hydrocarbons do too? dunno
if its not PIB, i think you could use this stuff for some kind of phlegmatising (if you want to^^)... |
What do you mean by that ? My english are a little bit poor
[Edited on 19-3-2014 by underground]
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PHILOU Zrealone
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| Quote: Originally posted by DubaiAmateurRocketry | So dinitrate salts are possible?
Yes, however can we still protonate compounds like trihydroxyguanidine? will it be unstable?
Also, does hydroxyhydrazine exist ? or aminohydroxylamine. |
The number of protonations that are possible into a single molecule with near or viccinal molecular protonated groups depends strongly:
-on the basicity of the various groups (each time a protonation occurs the next protonation is harder).
-on the acid it is exposed to. If the acid that is submitted has a lower acidity than the protonated base (conjugated acid) then the acid base
reaction will not be efficient.
HA + B <-=> a(-) + bH(+)
HA is a strong acid low pKa
B is a strong base high pKa (= low pKb)
a(-) is a very weak conjugated base of the strong acid HA (near neutral like Cl(-) in water)
bH(+) is the weak conjugated acid of the strong base B
As explained for (poly)hydroxyguanidine the presence of the hydroxy will reduce the basicity of each nitrogen so the first protonation will be less
easy...and the other after even harder...
PH Z (PHILOU Zrealone)
"Physic is all what never works; Chemistry is all what stinks and explodes!"-"Life that deadly disease, sexually transmitted."(W.Allen)
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underground
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Can i prepare HDN with the same way as Urea nitrate ? With HCL, Hexamine and NH4NO3 ?
edit: Also once i made some UN out of urea, HCL and AN, but when i was trying to neutralized it with sodium carbonate, it just disappeared, i guess it
just hydrolyzed or react with sodium carbonate , so how can i neutralized it ?
[Edited on 22-3-2014 by underground]
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DubaiAmateurRocketry
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| Quote: Originally posted by PHILOU Zrealone | | Quote: Originally posted by DubaiAmateurRocketry | So dinitrate salts are possible?
Yes, however can we still protonate compounds like trihydroxyguanidine? will it be unstable?
Also, does hydroxyhydrazine exist ? or aminohydroxylamine. |
The number of protonations that are possible into a single molecule with near or viccinal molecular protonated groups depends strongly:
-on the basicity of the various groups (each time a protonation occurs the next protonation is harder).
-on the acid it is exposed to. If the acid that is submitted has a lower acidity than the protonated base (conjugated acid) then the acid base
reaction will not be efficient.
HA + B <-=> a(-) + bH(+)
HA is a strong acid low pKa
B is a strong base high pKa (= low pKb)
a(-) is a very weak conjugated base of the strong acid HA (near neutral like Cl(-) in water)
bH(+) is the weak conjugated acid of the strong base B
As explained for (poly)hydroxyguanidine the presence of the hydroxy will reduce the basicity of each nitrogen so the first protonation will be less
easy...and the other after even harder... |
What about aminohydroxylamine ? HONHNH2
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609002...
Apparently, it is sold by some chem suppliers, and ive never seen its use any where...
http://mastersearch.chemexper.com/cheminfo/servlet/org.dbcre...
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PHILOU Zrealone
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| Quote: Originally posted by roXefeller | | I'm looking at my chem shelf at a couple bottles of diethylamine HCl and I'm thinking, can this be taken to a nitramine, or maybe just a nitrate salt?
It is already strongly alkaline and the warning against mixing with oxidizers is there. Low temps are a must. It has a rather low density so I'm
not sure there is any value to it, unless it can form with a lead nitrate salt. |
Diethylamine is volatile (eb 55°C) and a strong base full smelling.
It can be made into (CH3-CH2)2N-NO2 but it will be less powerfull than dimethylnitramine. It can be nitrosated easily ((Eth)2N-N=O) and reduced into
diethylhydrazine ((Eth)2N-NH2) also a valuable compound.
You might get more pleasure form the nitrate salt or even the perchlorate salt. The best would be the nitroformiate salt of it for OB reasons.
One may consider the making of colorfull complexes with transition metals like Cu(ClO4)2(tetracoordinates) and Ni(ClO4)3 or Ni(C(NO2)3)3
(hexacoordinates).
PH Z (PHILOU Zrealone)
"Physic is all what never works; Chemistry is all what stinks and explodes!"-"Life that deadly disease, sexually transmitted."(W.Allen)
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PHILOU Zrealone
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| Quote: Originally posted by underground | | Quote: Originally posted by VladimirLem |
polystyene do...so maybe other hydrocarbons do too? dunno
if its not PIB, i think you could use this stuff for some kind of phlegmatising (if you want to^^)... |
What do you mean by that ? My english are a little bit poor
[Edited on 19-3-2014 by underground] |
He means that if PIB doesn't dissolve into benzine; then maybe something else could be dissolved into benzine like polystyrene and then PS could be
used as phlegmatiser...but PS is hard brittle and not elastic/rubber like.
Polystyrene is a polymer and has dus a long molecular lenght but surprisingly it dissolves readily into CH2Cl2, into aceton, into benzene, toluene,
and hydrocarbons like benzine.
Styrofoam/Expanded Polystyrene/Frigolithe is chewed by aceton drops just like if it was alien-blood .... very good to scare childrens  or to make a little show.
PH Z (PHILOU Zrealone)
"Physic is all what never works; Chemistry is all what stinks and explodes!"-"Life that deadly disease, sexually transmitted."(W.Allen)
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PHILOU Zrealone
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| Quote: Originally posted by underground | Can i prepare HDN with the same way as Urea nitrate ? With HCL, Hexamine and NH4NO3 ?
edit: Also once i made some UN out of urea, HCL and AN, but when i was trying to neutralized it with sodium carbonate, it just disappeared, i guess it
just hydrolyzed or react with sodium carbonate , so how can i neutralized it ?
[Edited on 22-3-2014 by underground] |
No It won't work as good because in UN the relative unsolibility of UN is taken as an advantage to facilitate separation vs Urea hydrochloride.
HDN is not particularly unsoluble nor is Hexamine dihydrochloride; so the best is stil to use HNO3 and hexamine. Then to evaporate in dry air or to
add some ethanol and ether to force cristallisation of the salt.
Avoid heating of HDN it may lead to an explosion if dry heated.
PH Z (PHILOU Zrealone)
"Physic is all what never works; Chemistry is all what stinks and explodes!"-"Life that deadly disease, sexually transmitted."(W.Allen)
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PHILOU Zrealone
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| Quote: Originally posted by DubaiAmateurRocketry | | Quote: Originally posted by PHILOU Zrealone | | Quote: Originally posted by DubaiAmateurRocketry | So dinitrate salts are possible?
Yes, however can we still protonate compounds like trihydroxyguanidine? will it be unstable?
Also, does hydroxyhydrazine exist ? or aminohydroxylamine. |
The number of protonations that are possible into a single molecule with near or viccinal molecular protonated groups depends strongly:
-on the basicity of the various groups (each time a protonation occurs the next protonation is harder).
-on the acid it is exposed to. If the acid that is submitted has a lower acidity than the protonated base (conjugated acid) then the acid base
reaction will not be efficient.
HA + B <-=> a(-) + bH(+)
HA is a strong acid low pKa
B is a strong base high pKa (= low pKb)
a(-) is a very weak conjugated base of the strong acid HA (near neutral like Cl(-) in water)
bH(+) is the weak conjugated acid of the strong base B
As explained for (poly)hydroxyguanidine the presence of the hydroxy will reduce the basicity of each nitrogen so the first protonation will be less
easy...and the other after even harder... |
What about aminohydroxylamine ? HONHNH2
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609002...
Apparently, it is sold by some chem suppliers, and ive never seen its use any where...
http://mastersearch.chemexper.com/cheminfo/servlet/org.dbcre... |
HO-NH-NH2 is an hydrated form of nitrene ...
HO-NH-NH2 --> H2O + H-N=N-H
If it exist at all, I suspect it is very unstable.
Don't trust those kind of links ... the following http://www.chemicalregister.com/Companies/AName/Page293/aidH.htm even does mention of tetrachlorohydrazine, tetrahydroxyhydrazine, nitrohydrazine
and nitrosohydrazine ... just as if it could be bought...maybe they postulate it may exist one day and so they anticipate CAS numbers.
To give you an example:
Hydrazine and nitrite ester provides a way to azide compounds (typical butyl nitrite is used or other not too volatile related ester)-This is a known
reaction:
H2N-NH2 + O=N-O-R --> H2N-NH-N=O + R-OH (alcohol)
It goes via an intermediary nitrosohydrazine (that is listed in the list of compounds here-up) what rearranges spontaneously into hydrazoic acid via
internal dehydration...
H2N-NH-N=O <==> H2N-N=N-OH --> HN3 + H2O
Azothydric acid is usually caught by a base like NaOH to finally get NaN3.
I don't think a chemical company will sell hydrazoic acid 70% in water (what is equivalent to HN3.H2O or to H2N-NH-N=O).
[Edited on 22-3-2014 by PHILOU Zrealone]
PH Z (PHILOU Zrealone)
"Physic is all what never works; Chemistry is all what stinks and explodes!"-"Life that deadly disease, sexually transmitted."(W.Allen)
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underground
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| Quote: Originally posted by PHILOU Zrealone | | Quote: Originally posted by underground | Can i prepare HDN with the same way as Urea nitrate ? With HCL, Hexamine and NH4NO3 ?
edit: Also once i made some UN out of urea, HCL and AN, but when i was trying to neutralized it with sodium carbonate, it just disappeared, i guess it
just hydrolyzed or react with sodium carbonate , so how can i neutralized it ?
[Edited on 22-3-2014 by underground] |
No It won't work as good because in UN the relative unsolibility of UN is taken as an advantage to facilitate separation vs Urea hydrochloride.
HDN is not particularly unsoluble nor is Hexamine dihydrochloride; so the best is stil to use HNO3 and hexamine. Then to evaporate in dry air or to
add some ethanol and ether to force cristallisation of the salt.
Avoid heating of HDN it may lead to an explosion if dry heated. |
PHILOU Zrealone, what about this process that i found:
An alternative to using nitric acid in this synthesis is to use a nitrate salt and hydrochloric acid. The yields may be a bit less, but the result is
the same. Instead of preparing a hexamine solution, prepare a nitrating solution by dissolving 28 g (0.35 mol) of ammonium nitrate in 80 mL (0.8 mol)
of 31.45% hydrochloric acid in a 250-mL beaker. Cool this solution in a salt-ice bath to 0 degrees. Again, it is not necessary to use the specified
concentration of hydrochloric acid as long as the proper molar amount is added. Dissolve 14 g (0.1 mol) of methenamine in a minimum amount of water
(about 21 mL). Quickly add this solution to the nitrating mix with rapid stirring; a precipitate should soon form. Filter and wash the crystals as
above. One could substitute sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate of the same molar mass in place of ammonium nitrate.
[Edited on 22-3-2014 by underground]
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DubaiAmateurRocketry
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| Quote: Originally posted by PHILOU Zrealone | | Quote: Originally posted by DubaiAmateurRocketry | | Quote: Originally posted by PHILOU Zrealone | | Quote: Originally posted by DubaiAmateurRocketry | So dinitrate salts are possible?
Yes, however can we still protonate compounds like trihydroxyguanidine? will it be unstable?
Also, does hydroxyhydrazine exist ? or aminohydroxylamine. |
The number of protonations that are possible into a single molecule with near or viccinal molecular protonated groups depends strongly:
-on the basicity of the various groups (each time a protonation occurs the next protonation is harder).
-on the acid it is exposed to. If the acid that is submitted has a lower acidity than the protonated base (conjugated acid) then the acid base
reaction will not be efficient.
HA + B <-=> a(-) + bH(+)
HA is a strong acid low pKa
B is a strong base high pKa (= low pKb)
a(-) is a very weak conjugated base of the strong acid HA (near neutral like Cl(-) in water)
bH(+) is the weak conjugated acid of the strong base B
As explained for (poly)hydroxyguanidine the presence of the hydroxy will reduce the basicity of each nitrogen so the first protonation will be less
easy...and the other after even harder... |
What about aminohydroxylamine ? HONHNH2
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609002...
Apparently, it is sold by some chem suppliers, and ive never seen its use any where...
http://mastersearch.chemexper.com/cheminfo/servlet/org.dbcre... |
HO-NH-NH2 is an hydrated form of nitrene ...
HO-NH-NH2 --> H2O + H-N=N-H
If it exist at all, I suspect it is very unstable.
Don't trust those links the following http://www.chemicalregister.com/Companies/AName/Page293/aidH.htm even does mention of tetrachlorohydrazine, tetrahydroxyhydrazine, nitrohydrazine
and nitrosohydrazine just as if it could be bought...maybe they postulate it may exist one day and so they anticipate CAS numbers.
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Oh right,
I also wanted to ask you about nitrene aka diazene. H-N=N-H
It can be protonated for H-N=NH2+ and I think the nitrate salt may be interesting! Do you have any papers/ reference about diazenium cation?
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robart
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Hi guys.
As you can see I'm the new guy to the forum.
My name is robart and I live in Canada.
My question is what is the best (safest) way to get sodium azide out of some airbags I have? The airbags are out of a 2003 Chevy tracker.
Thanks in advance for your replies.
Robart
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Bert
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This would be a good place to learn about making Sodium azide from common over the counter products, rather than asking for information not really
having much to do with learning chemistry.
Airbags are built with the intent NOT to ever come apart. Also most do not contain azide any more, the stuff is similar to cyanide in toxicity and was
a liability for auto shops to have around.
I personally know an individual who tried to harvest Sodium azide from several 1990's era inflators back about 12 years ago. He succeeded once and
failed twice. On the failed attempts, the inflators went off in his face. He lost hair, got 2nd degree burns and some eye damage the second time- The
gas generated is very hot, those airbags are lined with fabric woven from stainless steel wire to stand up to the heat. People who have had their bare
faces bounced off a working airbag usually are mildly burned from that contact.
Rapopart’s Rules for critical commentary:
1. Attempt to re-express your target’s position so clearly, vividly and fairly that your target says: “Thanks, I wish I’d thought of putting it
that way.”
2. List any points of agreement (especially if they are not matters of general or widespread agreement).
3. Mention anything you have learned from your target.
4. Only then are you permitted to say so much as a word of rebuttal or criticism.
Anatol Rapoport was a Russian-born American mathematical psychologist (1911-2007).
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DubaiAmateurRocketry
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Does tetrahydrazine nitroxylate or tetrahydroxylammonium nitroxylate exist? It would make some good NHO salts.
The nitroxylate anion, although with a 4- charge, should be considered/ used more. Its synthesis is not very hard.
Tetrahydroxylammonium nitroxylate seems promising with a perfect OB. [(NH3OH)4]4+ [(O2N-NO2)]4- or empirically N6H16O8. This compound have an perfect
OB at an insane hydrogen % of 7%. If this salt have a density of just 1.0g/cm3, it's hydrogen % will be same as liquid hydrogen.
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Dany
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To my knowledge these compounds don't exist. However, the idea of introducing the nitroxylate group seems terrible. For example, sodium nitroxylate
Na2NO2 is described as a bright yellow substance. Extremely sensitive to O2 , NO, CO2.
sensitive to H2O; hydrolyzes to N2O, H2N2O2 and NO. Stable up to 100°C. Decomposes at 130°C,
emitting sparks and evolving N2, see [1] page 515. Na2NO2 is produced by the reaction of metallic sodium Na and
sodium nitrite NaNO2.
this shows that the nitroxylate anion is at the edge of stability. The combination of the nitroxylate anion with other energetic moiety is very likely
to produce very sensitive and dangerous HEDM.
Reference:
G. BRAUER, Handbook of preparative inorganic chemistry, Vol.1 , 2nd edition.
Dany.
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DubaiAmateurRocketry
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Thanks, I did not find its sensitivity until the referrence.
What about the Hyponitrite 2- anion? Again dihydroxylammonium hyponitrite seems interesting with perfect OB (NH3OH)2(N2O2). The hyponitrite anion
seems more stable than the nitroxylate.
Also what do you think about nitrosyl hyponitrite anion? the hydroxylammonium salt will be a isomer of ADN - N4H4O4, however this compound might be
denser due to the hydrogen bonds, and maybe more sensitive.
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp204967h?journalCode=jp...
[Edited on 30-3-2014 by DubaiAmateurRocketry]
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Dany
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Yes, sodium hyponitrite (Na2N2O2) is more stable than sodium nitroxylate. the former is produced from the reaction of
sodium nitrate NaNO3, H2O and metallic sodium or by the reaction of sodium Na with gaseous NO (see also reference [1] mentioned
in the last reply). Dihydroxylammonium hyponitrite don't seem to exist. However, hydroxylammonium hyponitrite may exist. This compound has been
mentioned in this reference.
Dany.
[Edited on 30-3-2014 by Dany]
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Zyklon-A
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Potassium Dichromate/Aluminum Flash Powder
Is the equation for said flash powder: 4 Al + K2Cr2O7 → K2O + 2 Al2O3 + 2 Cr?
Or does the Cr not get reduced all the way to elemental state?
Of course either reaction is possible, but with is more energetic?
I tried the first reaction but saw a green residue on the test site. Which implies at least some Chromium(III) oxide.
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Bert
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Here is the decomposition formula:
4 K2Cr2O7 --> 4 K2CrO4 + 2 Cr2O3 + 3 O2
A good source for such information is:
Takeo Shimizu
Fireworks: The Art, Science & Technique
Please remember that hexavalent chrome is some seriously BAD stuff-
If you want flash, avoid the chromates. If you want to coat Magnesium to prevent degradation in a pyrotechnic mixture, chromates are useful...
| Quote: |
Time to post this - yet again.....
The Wrong Chemical -- In The Wrong Place!!
Donald J Haarmann is The WiZ
Originally published in The American Fireworks News
Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 (potassium bichromate, red potassium
chromate). Familiar to most pyros because of its bright orange-red color. Has
many uses:
"Dichromate" magnesium against chemical attack.
Added to compositions containing highly reactive zinc, e.g.,
Weingarts Electric Spreader Star
Potassium dichromate 15 parts
Zinc dust 72
Potassium chlorate 15
Granulate charcoal 12
Dextrin 2
Increase burning rate reaction of: Perchlorates:Re: Dichromate....safety concerns over-rated??
From: "donald haarmann" <donald-haarmann@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Date: Tue, 06 Feb 2007 22:26:15 GMT
"mikes2653" <mikes2653@xxxxxxxxxx>|
[snip]
| Still, it is remarkable how much exposure to many toxic substances is
| necessary before even minor symptoms are noted. The healthy human body
| is much more robust than many people believe. Excessive worry about
| environmental toxicity seems to me a species of hypochondria.
Dave Blesers Red Strobe
Ammonium percolate 50%
Potassium dichromate +5
Magnesium 25
Strontium sulphate 25
Shimizus' Burst Charge #44
Potassium dichromate 5%
Potassium perchlorate 70
Hemp coal 30
Rice starch 2+
Takeo Shimizu reports the burning rate of a 75/25 K perchlorate/hemp coal
increased by 55% when 4-5% potassium dichromate was added.
In Orange (toxic) smoke (Ellern #133)
Potassium dichromate 35%
Magnesium 15
Lead dioxide 50
It is not, however, used as an oxidizing agent despite an attracting 38% oxygen
content. he decomposition reaction as given by Takeo Shimizu shows why-
4 K2Cr2O7 --> 4 K2CrO4 + 2 Cr2O3 + 3 O2
A little quick math reveals that - 1176 grams of potassium dichromate yield a
miserly 48 grams of oxygen! (4% of starting weight!) Thus potassium dichromate
is a very weak pyrotechnic) oxidizer. Shimizu also notes; It is difficult to ignite or
to explode a mixture of potassium dichromate and red phosphors or sulphur even
by impact between iron surfaces.
Sadly the pleasing orange color hides a less then pleasant personality. While
classified by he NFPA a Zero for Fire hazard and Reactivity (Will not burn. -
Normally stable. Not reactive with water). It rates a Three for Health (Can cause
serious injury despite medical treatment.) Quote the Merk Index: Human Toxicity:
Internal a corrosive poison. Industrial contact may result in ulceration of hands,
destruction of mucous membranes and perforation of nasal septum. Not a
ingredient a pyro would handled in a careless manner! Non pyros are another
matter.
Civilian uses are as many as they are pedestrian: Tanning, dyeing, painting,
decorating porcelain, photolithograpy, staining wood, bleaching palm oil, wax,
and sponges, in dry cells as a depolarizer.
Then there is South Africa -- Where a third to two-thirds of blacks have been
estimate to receive frequent purgative enemas consisting of plant extracts though
truncated cow horn and hollow reeds administered by traditional healers. These
methods with increasing urbanization are being replaced by domestic and
industrial chemicals given with rubber tubing and syringe. Indeed among the
black population in Cape Town, tribal healers have been using potassium
dichromate in purgative enemas! A bad case of the wrong chemical in the wrong
place!! Even infants may receive 50 enemas a year.(The herbal version, not the
hexavalent chromium-tissue binding, don't try this at home kids, colon/kidney
destroying, dichromate version.)
All this probable proves something. I'll leave it to the reader to supply their own
comments.
Dunnn LP, et al. Colonic complications after toxic tribal enemas. British Journal
of Surgery, 1991; 78: 545-48. Abstracted in The Lancet July 20, 1991
--
donald j haarmann
------------------------------------
What passes for woman's intuition is
often nothing more than man's transparency.
George Jean Nathan
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[Edited on 30-3-2014 by Bert]
Rapopart’s Rules for critical commentary:
1. Attempt to re-express your target’s position so clearly, vividly and fairly that your target says: “Thanks, I wish I’d thought of putting it
that way.”
2. List any points of agreement (especially if they are not matters of general or widespread agreement).
3. Mention anything you have learned from your target.
4. Only then are you permitted to say so much as a word of rebuttal or criticism.
Anatol Rapoport was a Russian-born American mathematical psychologist (1911-2007).
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DubaiAmateurRocketry
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Does detonation wave travel faster/slower in different materials ?
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Bert
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Mood: " I think we are all going to die. I think that love is an illusion. We are flawed, my darling".
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Why do you think so much time is spent working towards higher VOD materials and highest density of plasticized, cast or pressed charges?
Have you encountered the concept of explosive lenses and wave shaping, particularly in regard to implosion type fission weapons?
Explosive wave shaping technology DEPENDS on this-
[Edited on 31-3-2014 by Bert]
Rapopart’s Rules for critical commentary:
1. Attempt to re-express your target’s position so clearly, vividly and fairly that your target says: “Thanks, I wish I’d thought of putting it
that way.”
2. List any points of agreement (especially if they are not matters of general or widespread agreement).
3. Mention anything you have learned from your target.
4. Only then are you permitted to say so much as a word of rebuttal or criticism.
Anatol Rapoport was a Russian-born American mathematical psychologist (1911-2007).
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DubaiAmateurRocketry
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I have not studied about weapons or shapes/types of charges or the physics of detonation etc. My friend asked me if sound travel faster in solids, eg
metal, than air, does detonation wave? I think not, but I could be wrong, so im here looking for an answer.
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roXefeller
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Sonic speed is a function of incompressibility. Sound travels better underwater than air because air compresses. Likewise solids, which have similar
compressibilities.
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