Difference between revisions of "Copper"
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
|alt names= | |alt names= | ||
|allotropes= | |allotropes= | ||
| − | |appearance= Reddish | + | |appearance= Reddish metallic |
<!-- Periodic table --> | <!-- Periodic table --> | ||
|above= | |above= | ||
| − | |below= | + | |below=[[Silver]] |
| − | |left= | + | |left=[[Nickel]] |
| − | |right= | + | |right=[[Zinc]] |
| − | |number= | + | |number=29 |
| − | |atomic mass= | + | |atomic mass=63.546(3) |
|atomic mass 2= | |atomic mass 2= | ||
|atomic mass ref= | |atomic mass ref= | ||
| Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
|series comment= | |series comment= | ||
|series color= | |series color= | ||
| − | |group= | + | |group=11 |
|group ref= | |group ref= | ||
|group comment= | |group comment= | ||
| − | |period= | + | |period=4 |
|period ref= | |period ref= | ||
|period comment= | |period comment= | ||
| − | |block= | + | |block=d |
|block ref= | |block ref= | ||
|block comment= | |block comment= | ||
| − | |electron configuration= | + | |electron configuration=[Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> |
|electron configuration ref= | |electron configuration ref= | ||
|electron configuration comment= | |electron configuration comment= | ||
| − | |electrons per shell= | + | |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 1 |
|electrons per shell ref= | |electrons per shell ref= | ||
|electrons per shell comment= | |electrons per shell comment= | ||
<!-- Physical properties --> | <!-- Physical properties --> | ||
|physical properties comment= | |physical properties comment= | ||
| − | |color= | + | |color=Reddish metallic |
|phase=Solid | |phase=Solid | ||
|phase ref= | |phase ref= | ||
|phase comment= | |phase comment= | ||
| − | |melting point K= | + | |melting point K=1357.77 |
| − | |melting point C= | + | |melting point C=1084.62 |
| − | |melting point F= | + | |melting point F=1984.32 |
|melting point ref= | |melting point ref= | ||
|melting point comment= | |melting point comment= | ||
| − | |boiling point K= | + | |boiling point K=2835 |
| − | |boiling point C= | + | |boiling point C=2562 |
| − | |boiling point F= | + | |boiling point F=4643 |
|boiling point ref= | |boiling point ref= | ||
|boiling point comment= | |boiling point comment= | ||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
|density gplstp ref= | |density gplstp ref= | ||
|density gplstp comment= | |density gplstp comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3nrt= | + | |density gpcm3nrt=8.96 |
|density gpcm3nrt ref= | |density gpcm3nrt ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt comment= | |density gpcm3nrt comment= | ||
| Line 82: | Line 82: | ||
|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | |density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | |density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3mp= | + | |density gpcm3mp=8.02 |
|density gpcm3mp ref= | |density gpcm3mp ref= | ||
|density gpcm3mp comment= | |density gpcm3mp comment= | ||
| Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
|critical point ref= | |critical point ref= | ||
|critical point comment= | |critical point comment= | ||
| − | |heat fusion= | + | |heat fusion=13.26 |
|heat fusion ref= | |heat fusion ref= | ||
|heat fusion comment= | |heat fusion comment= | ||
| Line 110: | Line 110: | ||
|heat fusion 2 ref= | |heat fusion 2 ref= | ||
|heat fusion 2 comment= | |heat fusion 2 comment= | ||
| − | |heat vaporization= | + | |heat vaporization=300.4 |
|heat vaporization ref= | |heat vaporization ref= | ||
|heat vaporization comment= | |heat vaporization comment= | ||
| − | |heat capacity= | + | |heat capacity=24.44 |
|heat capacity ref= | |heat capacity ref= | ||
|heat capacity comment= | |heat capacity comment= | ||
| Line 119: | Line 119: | ||
|heat capacity 2 ref= | |heat capacity 2 ref= | ||
|heat capacity 2 comment= | |heat capacity 2 comment= | ||
| − | |vapor pressure 1= | + | |vapor pressure 1=1509 |
| − | |vapor pressure 10= | + | |vapor pressure 10=1661 |
| − | |vapor pressure 100= | + | |vapor pressure 100=1850 |
| − | |vapor pressure 1 k= | + | |vapor pressure 1 k=2089 |
| − | |vapor pressure 10 k= | + | |vapor pressure 10 k=2404 |
| − | |vapor pressure 100 k= | + | |vapor pressure 100 k=2834 |
|vapor pressure ref= | |vapor pressure ref= | ||
|vapor pressure comment= | |vapor pressure comment= | ||
| Line 137: | Line 137: | ||
<!-- Atomic properties --> | <!-- Atomic properties --> | ||
|atomic properties comment= | |atomic properties comment= | ||
| − | |oxidation states= | + | |oxidation states=−2, +1, '''+2''', +3, +4 |
|oxidation states ref= | |oxidation states ref= | ||
| − | |oxidation states comment= | + | |oxidation states comment=(a mildly basic oxide) |
| − | |electronegativity= | + | |electronegativity=1.90 |
|electronegativity ref= | |electronegativity ref= | ||
|electronegativity comment= | |electronegativity comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 1= | + | |ionization energy 1=745.5 |
|ionization energy 1 ref= | |ionization energy 1 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 1 comment= | |ionization energy 1 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 2= | + | |ionization energy 2=1957.9 |
|ionization energy 2 ref= | |ionization energy 2 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 2 comment= | |ionization energy 2 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 3= | + | |ionization energy 3=3555 |
|ionization energy 3 ref= | |ionization energy 3 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 3 comment= | |ionization energy 3 comment= | ||
| Line 155: | Line 155: | ||
|ionization energy ref= | |ionization energy ref= | ||
|ionization energy comment= | |ionization energy comment= | ||
| − | |atomic radius= | + | |atomic radius=128 |
|atomic radius ref= | |atomic radius ref= | ||
|atomic radius comment= | |atomic radius comment= | ||
| Line 161: | Line 161: | ||
|atomic radius calculated ref= | |atomic radius calculated ref= | ||
|atomic radius calculated comment= | |atomic radius calculated comment= | ||
| − | |covalent radius= | + | |covalent radius=132±4 |
|covalent radius ref= | |covalent radius ref= | ||
|covalent radius comment= | |covalent radius comment= | ||
| − | |Van der Waals radius= | + | |Van der Waals radius=140 |
|Van der Waals radius ref= | |Van der Waals radius ref= | ||
|Van der Waals radius comment= | |Van der Waals radius comment= | ||
| Line 171: | Line 171: | ||
|crystal structure prefix= | |crystal structure prefix= | ||
|crystal structure ref= | |crystal structure ref= | ||
| − | |crystal structure comment= | + | |crystal structure comment=Face-centered cubic (fcc) |
|crystal structure 2= | |crystal structure 2= | ||
|crystal structure 2 prefix= | |crystal structure 2 prefix= | ||
| Line 182: | Line 182: | ||
|speed of sound rod at 20 ref= | |speed of sound rod at 20 ref= | ||
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment= | |speed of sound rod at 20 comment= | ||
| − | |speed of sound rod at r.t.= | + | |speed of sound rod at r.t.=3810 |
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | |speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | ||
| − | |speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= | + | |speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=(annealed) |
|thermal expansion= | |thermal expansion= | ||
|thermal expansion ref= | |thermal expansion ref= | ||
|thermal expansion comment= | |thermal expansion comment= | ||
| − | |thermal expansion at 25= | + | |thermal expansion at 25=16.5 |
|thermal expansion at 25 ref= | |thermal expansion at 25 ref= | ||
|thermal expansion at 25 comment= | |thermal expansion at 25 comment= | ||
| − | |thermal conductivity= | + | |thermal conductivity=401 |
|thermal conductivity ref= | |thermal conductivity ref= | ||
|thermal conductivity comment= | |thermal conductivity comment= | ||
| Line 207: | Line 207: | ||
|electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | ||
| − | |electrical resistivity at 20= | + | |electrical resistivity at 20=16.78·10<sup>-9</sup> |
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | ||
| Line 216: | Line 216: | ||
|Curie point ref= | |Curie point ref= | ||
|Curie point comment= | |Curie point comment= | ||
| − | |magnetic ordering= | + | |magnetic ordering=Diamagnetic |
|magnetic ordering ref= | |magnetic ordering ref= | ||
|magnetic ordering comment= | |magnetic ordering comment= | ||
| Line 222: | Line 222: | ||
|tensile strength ref= | |tensile strength ref= | ||
|tensile strength comment= | |tensile strength comment= | ||
| − | |Young's modulus= | + | |Young's modulus=110–128 |
|Young's modulus ref= | |Young's modulus ref= | ||
|Young's modulus comment= | |Young's modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Shear modulus= | + | |Shear modulus=48 |
|Shear modulus ref= | |Shear modulus ref= | ||
|Shear modulus comment= | |Shear modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Bulk modulus= | + | |Bulk modulus=140 |
|Bulk modulus ref= | |Bulk modulus ref= | ||
|Bulk modulus comment= | |Bulk modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Poisson ratio= | + | |Poisson ratio=0.34 |
|Poisson ratio ref= | |Poisson ratio ref= | ||
|Poisson ratio comment= | |Poisson ratio comment= | ||
| − | |Mohs hardness= | + | |Mohs hardness=3.0 |
|Mohs hardness ref= | |Mohs hardness ref= | ||
|Mohs hardness comment= | |Mohs hardness comment= | ||
| Line 240: | Line 240: | ||
|Mohs hardness 2 ref= | |Mohs hardness 2 ref= | ||
|Mohs hardness 2 comment= | |Mohs hardness 2 comment= | ||
| − | |Vickers hardness= | + | |Vickers hardness=343–369 |
|Vickers hardness ref= | |Vickers hardness ref= | ||
|Vickers hardness comment= | |Vickers hardness comment= | ||
| − | |Brinell hardness= | + | |Brinell hardness=235–878 |
|Brinell hardness ref= | |Brinell hardness ref= | ||
|Brinell hardness comment= | |Brinell hardness comment= | ||
| − | |CAS number= | + | |CAS number=7440-50-8 |
|CAS number ref= | |CAS number ref= | ||
|CAS number comment= | |CAS number comment= | ||
<!-- History --> | <!-- History --> | ||
| − | |naming= | + | |naming=After Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium) |
|predicted by= | |predicted by= | ||
|prediction date ref= | |prediction date ref= | ||
| Line 265: | Line 265: | ||
|named date= | |named date= | ||
|history comment label= | |history comment label= | ||
| − | |history comment= | + | |history comment= Middle East (9000 BC) |
<!-- Isotopes --> | <!-- Isotopes --> | ||
|isotopes= | |isotopes= | ||
Revision as of 21:53, 10 October 2017
 Dendritic copper crystals made by electrolysis. | |||||
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Copper, Cu | ||||
| Appearance | Reddish metallic | ||||
| Copper in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 29 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 63.546(3) | ||||
| Group, block | , d-block | ||||
| Period | period 4 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 | ||||
per shell | 2, 8, 18, 1 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Reddish metallic | |||||
| Phase | Solid | ||||
| Melting point | 1357.77 K (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F) | ||||
| Density near r.t. | 8.96 g/cm3 | ||||
| when liquid, at | 8.02 g/cm3 | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 13.26 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 300.4 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 24.44 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | −2, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.90 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 745.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol 3rd: 3555 kJ/mol | ||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 128 pm | ||||
| Covalent radius | 132±4 pm | ||||
| Van der Waals radius | 140 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | Face-centered cubic (fcc) | ||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 3810 m/s (at ) (annealed) | ||||
| Thermal expansion | 16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 401 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 16.78·10-9 Ω·m (at 20 °C) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | Diamagnetic | ||||
| Young's modulus | 110–128 GPa | ||||
| Shear modulus | 48 GPa | ||||
| Bulk modulus | 140 GPa | ||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.34 | ||||
| Mohs hardness | 3.0 | ||||
| Vickers hardness | 343–369 MPa | ||||
| Brinell hardness | 235–878 MPa | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7440-50-8 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Naming | After Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium) | ||||
| Middle East (9000 BC) | |||||
Copper is a transition metal with the symbol Cu and the atomic number 29. It is a widely available commodity and can be obtained in numerous forms. It is an amphoteric metal that exists in two common oxidation states, +1 and +2, and can also exist in a +3 and a +4 state. Copper itself is chemically resistant, but its oxidation states show tendencies to react. It can be plated out of solution or replaced by a more active metal.
Contents
Properties
Physical properties
Copper is a reddish metal that is highly malleable and ductile. It can take a high polish, but often appears dull. Older pieces may be coated with the black copper(II) oxide. It has extremely high conductance of both heat and electricity.
Chemical properties
Copper is notable for its varied chemistry. Copper metal will not dissolve in strong acids, but the addition of an oxidizer such as hydrogen peroxide permits the dissolution of the metal in most acids. Nitric acid is a sufficiently strong oxidizer to dissolve copper metal. In both cases copper will exist in the +2 (cupric) state, the most common for copper. Compounds of copper(II) are generally bluish.
When a sufficiently strong reducer, such as iodide or ascorbic acid, is used to oxidize copper, it may enter the +1 (cuprous) state. Copper(I) compounds are generally insoluble in water and highly reducing. Most of them are white, though copper(I) chloride may vary in color due to various impurities, and copper(I) oxide is red, or yellow when prepared by certain routes.
Copper also has extensive coordination chemistry in both the +1 and +2 states. While copper(I) compounds are insoluble in water, the proper ligand, such as ammonia, cyanide, thiosulfate, or chloride, the copper(I) ion becomes soluble in water. Copper(II) compounds undergo dramatic color changes with the addition of proper ligands: with chloride, a green complex forms (though a red complex, trichlorocuprate, is known to exist); with ammonia and ethylenediamine, a dark blue complex forms, with bromide, a maroon complex forms, and with ascorbic acid, a yellow complex forms.
Copper(III) compounds can be made in the amateur chemist's lab with sodium persulfate and potassium periodate.
One copper(IV) compound is known to exist, but is inaccessible to the amateur due to the requirement of fluorine gas.
Availability
Copper is a common coinage material, and can be found in United States pennies made before 1983. These are an alloy of 95% copper and 5% tin.
Several types of wiring contain copper metal. These wires may be glazed and will require removal before use.
Many electronics contain copper, such as transistors (the back metal plate that is in contact with the heat sink or covered by the plastic case), diodes (the wire), pins (though most are brass), rectifiers, PCBs, computer chips, on rare occasions some heat sinks are made of copper (or brass) etc. Some transistor heat sinks sometimes have an extra copper plate, for better heat dispersion.
Preparation
Copper metal powder can be made from copper(II) sulfate, available as root killer for septic systems, with the addition of either zinc metal or aluminium metal and a chloride source (such as table salt).
Copper powder can be made by reducing a copper salt, such as copper sulfate with iron. If impure iron, such as steel is used, the carbon from the steel will contaminate the solution and may slightly passivate the metal. However the black powder also contains copper(II) oxide, which too is black. The copper powder will require washing, though a simple decantation will suffice, as copper is denser than both contaminants.
Under certain circumstances, a copper foil may be produced instead of powder, usually if copper(II) chloride is used, in an acidic solution.
Clean, superfine, and air-stable copper powder can be created by adding ascorbic acid (vitamin C) to a solution of copper sulfate followed by boiling for a time. An excess of ascorbic acid yields the copper powder and a yellow solution; the composition of this solution has yet to be determined.[1]
Projects
- Illustrations of Le Chatelier's principle
- Growing crystals
- Copper soap
- Copper alloys
Handling
Safety
Copper metal poses little toxicity and clean copper metals are known to have antiseptic properties, thought not as powerful as silver.
Copper compounds are moderately toxic. They are irritant on contact with the eyes, mucous or inhaled.
Storage
Copper metal will develop a thin layer of oxide on its surface, that is usually not a problem and can be easily removed. However, if the copper metal was cleaned with acid before and hasn't been thoroughly washed, there is a risk of forming a patina. Copper powder is more sensitive and in moist air will rapidly oxidize to CuO. It is best stored in closed containers, either in inert gas (CO2 is enough) or under water or any other solvent. In case of the latter, there is the problem when drying the powder, as it may oxidize if done at a temperature too high in open air.
Hygroscopic copper compounds should be stored in sealed containers, to prevent them from absorbing the water from air.
Disposal
Special disposal procedures are required with copper compounds. All copper waste should be converted to the +2 state with peroxide and converted to the carbonate. This waste should never be dumped down the drain: rather it should be taken to the proper disposal facility or recycled.
Recycling copper back to metallic form is easy: dissolve the copper(II) carbonate in a suitable acid, such as sulfuric acid, and then add in a reducing agent. Iron, zinc or aluminium are a good choice as they're cheap and available in large quantities. If aluminum is used, a chloride source should be added to promote replacement and break the protective Al2O3 layer.
See also
References
- ↑ Experiment performed 6/17/14 by No Tears Only Dreams Now
