Difference between revisions of "Sodium carbonate"
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
| PIN = | | PIN = | ||
| SystematicName = | | SystematicName = | ||
| − | | OtherNames = Soda ash<br>Washing soda | + | | OtherNames = Disodium carbonate<br>Natrite<br>Soda ash<br>Washing soda |
<!-- Images --> | <!-- Images --> | ||
| ImageFile = | | ImageFile = | ||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
| BoilingPtC = | | BoilingPtC = | ||
| BoilingPt_ref = | | BoilingPt_ref = | ||
| − | | BoilingPt_notes = | + | | BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes |
| − | | Density = | + | | Density = 2.54 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25 °C, anhydrous)<br> 1.92 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (856 °C)<br> 2.25 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (monohydrate)<br> 1.51 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (heptahydrate)<br> 1.46 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (decahydrate) |
| Formula = Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> | | Formula = Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> | ||
| HenryConstant = | | HenryConstant = | ||
| Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
| MolarMass = 105.9888 g/mol (anhydrous)<br>286.1416 g/mol (decahydrate) | | MolarMass = 105.9888 g/mol (anhydrous)<br>286.1416 g/mol (decahydrate) | ||
| MeltingPt = | | MeltingPt = | ||
| − | | MeltingPtC = | + | | MeltingPtC = 851 |
| MeltingPt_ref = | | MeltingPt_ref = | ||
| − | | MeltingPt_notes = | + | | MeltingPt_notes = <br> decomposes (anhydrous)<br> {{convert|100|C|F K}}<br> decomposes (monohydrate)<br> {{convert|33.5|C|F K}}<br> decomposes (heptahydrate)<br> {{convert|34|C|F K}}<br> (decahydrate) |
| + | | Odor = Odorless | ||
| pKa = | | pKa = | ||
| − | | pKb = | + | | pKb = 3.67 |
| − | | Solubility = | + | | Solubility = ''Monohydrate:''<br> 50.31 g/100 ml (29.9 °C)<br> 48.1 g/100 ml (41.9 °C)<br> 45.62 g/100 ml (60 °C)<br> 43.6 g/100 ml (100 °C)<hr>''Heptahydrate:''<br> 48.69 g/100 ml (34.8 °C)<hr>''Decahydrate:''<br>7 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br> 16.4 g/100 ml (15 °C)<br> 34.07 g/100 ml (27.8 °C)<br> |
| − | | SolubleOther = | + | | SolubleOther = Soluble in aq. [[alkali]]s, [[glycerol]]<br> Slightly soluble in aq. [[alcohol]], [[ethylene glycol]]<br>Insoluble in [[acetone]], liq. [[ammonia]], [[benzonitrile]], [[carbon disulfide|CS<sub>2</sub>]], [[ethanol]], [[ethyl acetate]] |
| − | | | + | | Solubility1 = 98.3 g/100 g (15.5 °C) |
| − | | VaporPressure = | + | | Solvent1 = glycerine |
| + | | Solubility2 = 3.46 g/100 g (20 °C) | ||
| + | | Solvent2 = ethylene glycol | ||
| + | | Solubility3 = 0.05 g/100 g | ||
| + | | Solvent3 = dimethylformamide | ||
| + | | VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | ||
| − | | Coordination = | + | | Coordination = Octahedral (Na<sup>+</sup>, anhydrous) |
| − | | CrystalStruct = | + | | CrystalStruct = Monoclinic (γ-form, β-form, δ-form, anhydrous)<br>Orthorhombic (monohydrate, heptahydrate) |
| MolShape = | | MolShape = | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry | | Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry | ||
| − | | DeltaGf = | + | | DeltaGf = −1,044.4 kJ/mol |
| DeltaHc = | | DeltaHc = | ||
| − | | DeltaHf = | + | | DeltaHf = −1,130.7 kJ/mol |
| − | | Entropy = | + | | Entropy = 135 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup> |
| − | | HeatCapacity = | + | | HeatCapacity = 112.3 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup> |
}} | }} | ||
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive | | Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive | ||
| Line 90: | Line 96: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards | | Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards | ||
| − | | AutoignitionPt = | + | | AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable |
| − | | ExploLimits = | + | | ExploLimits = Non-explosive |
| − | | ExternalMSDS = | + | | ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/uAqx265/sodium-carbonate-anhydrous-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich] (anhydrous)<br>[https://www.docdroid.net/VCWQZx7/sodium-carbonate-decahydrate-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich] (decahydrate) |
| − | | FlashPt = | + | | FlashPt = Non-flammable |
| − | | LD50 = | + | | LD50 = 4,090 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| LC50 = | | LC50 = | ||
| − | | MainHazards = | + | | MainHazards = Irritant |
| NFPA-F = | | NFPA-F = | ||
| NFPA-H = | | NFPA-H = | ||
| Line 107: | Line 113: | ||
| OtherFunction = | | OtherFunction = | ||
| OtherFunction_label = | | OtherFunction_label = | ||
| − | | OtherCompounds = [[Potassium carbonate]] | + | | OtherCompounds = [[Lithium carbonate]]<br>[[Potassium carbonate]] |
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 17:01, 30 June 2017
 Anhydrous sodium carbonate
| |
| |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Sodium carbonate
| |
| Other names
Disodium carbonate
Natrite Soda ash Washing soda | |
| Properties | |
| Na2CO3 | |
| Molar mass | 105.9888 g/mol (anhydrous) 286.1416 g/mol (decahydrate) |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 2.54 g/cm3 (25 °C, anhydrous) 1.92 g/cm3 (856 °C) 2.25 g/cm3 (monohydrate) 1.51 g/cm3 (heptahydrate) 1.46 g/cm3 (decahydrate) |
| Melting point | 851 °C (1,564 °F; 1,124 K) decomposes (anhydrous) 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) decomposes (monohydrate) 33.5 °C (92.3 °F; 306.6 K) decomposes (heptahydrate) 34 °C (93 °F; 307 K) (decahydrate) |
| Boiling point | Decomposes |
| Monohydrate: 50.31 g/100 ml (29.9 °C) 48.1 g/100 ml (41.9 °C) 45.62 g/100 ml (60 °C) 43.6 g/100 ml (100 °C) Heptahydrate: 48.69 g/100 ml (34.8 °C) Decahydrate: 7 g/100 ml (0 °C) 16.4 g/100 ml (15 °C) 34.07 g/100 ml (27.8 °C) | |
| Solubility | Soluble in aq. alkalis, glycerol Slightly soluble in aq. alcohol, ethylene glycol Insoluble in acetone, liq. ammonia, benzonitrile, CS2, ethanol, ethyl acetate |
| Solubility in glycerine | 98.3 g/100 g (15.5 °C) |
| Solubility in ethylene glycol | 3.46 g/100 g (20 °C) |
| Solubility in dimethylformamide | 0.05 g/100 g |
| Vapor pressure | ~0 mmHg |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar
entropy (S |
135 J·mol-1·K-1 |
| Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
−1,130.7 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| Safety data sheet | Sigma-Aldrich (anhydrous) Sigma-Aldrich (decahydrate) |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (Median dose)
|
4,090 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds
|
Lithium carbonate Potassium carbonate |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| Infobox references | |
Sodium carbonate, sometimes called washing soda or soda ash, is an inorganic weak base with chemical formula Na2CO3. One of few water-soluble carbonates, sodium carbonate finds abundant use as a cheap source of the carbonate ion, and also as a precursor to other sodium salts. Sodium carbonate occurs in nature as mineral Natrite.
Contents
Properties
Chemical
Sodium carbonate will react with acids to form sodium salts and carbon dioxide.
At very high temperatures, it decomposes to form sodium oxide and carbon dioxide.
Sodium carbonate is often used in ore refining, in which it is fused with metal oxides at high temperatures to generate water-soluble compounds of the metal. An example of this is the roasting of chromium(III) oxide with sodium carbonate in the presence of oxygen to generate sodium dichromate.
Physical
Sodium carbonate is a white hydgoscopic compound, soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. Sodium carbonate crystallizes from water to form three different hydrates: monohydrate, heptahydrate and decahydrate.
Preparation and acquisition
Historically, sodium carbonate could be produced by leaching the ashes of burnt seaweed or glassworth, but this leads to an impure product. Today, sodium carbonate can be easily and cheaply prepared by the thermal decomposition of store-bought sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), which begins at 50 °C, but is more rapidly and completely accomplished at temperatures over 200 °C. Alternatively, it can be be purchased as washing soda or pH-increasing formulas in grocery or department stores, both of which are sometimes as cheap as $1/lb, or as soda ash, which is used as a mordant for textile dying.
Uses
As a basic sodium compound, the addition of most inorganic and some organic acids yields a sodium salt of that acid, and due to the almost universal solubility of sodium compounds, these salts can be used in preparing other metal salts of the same anion(for example, the preparation of the lesser-known copper aspirinate using sodium aspirinate and a soluble copper salt). Note that neutralizing a carbonate with an acid evolves large amounts of carbon dioxide and causes lots of bubbling. For this reason, Sodium hydroxide is most often used for titration.
Because many insoluble transition metal carbonates are used as precursors to salts of those metals, sodium carbonate is an invaluable reagent in forming a large number of compounds, first through precipitation of the insoluble carbonate in a double replacement reaction.
Bubbling carbon dioxide through a sodium carbonate solution yields sodium bicarbonate.
Handling
Safety
Sodium carbonate is non-toxic, though due to its desiccant properties it may irritate the skin.
Storage
Sodium carbonate should be stored in closed bottles, away from moisture and acidic vapors.
Disposal
Sodium carbonate can be safely poured down the drain.
