Difference between revisions of "Lutetium"

From Sciencemadness Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 +
{{Infobox element
 +
<!-- top -->
 +
|image name=
 +
|image alt=
 +
|image size=
 +
|image name comment=
 +
|image name 2=
 +
|image alt 2=
 +
|image size 2=
 +
|image name 2 comment=
 +
<!-- General properties -->
 +
|name=Lutetium
 +
|symbol=Lu
 +
|pronounce=
 +
|pronounce ref=
 +
|pronounce comment=
 +
|pronounce 2=
 +
|alt name=
 +
|alt names=
 +
|allotropes=
 +
|appearance=Silvery-white
 +
<!-- Periodic table -->
 +
|above=-
 +
|below=Lr
 +
|left=[[Ytterbium]]
 +
|right=[[Hafnium]]
 +
|number=71
 +
|atomic mass=174.9668(1)
 +
|atomic mass 2=
 +
|atomic mass ref=
 +
|atomic mass comment=
 +
|series=
 +
|series ref=
 +
|series comment=
 +
|series color=
 +
|group=
 +
|group ref=
 +
|group comment=
 +
|period=6
 +
|period ref=
 +
|period comment=
 +
|block=f
 +
|block ref=
 +
|block comment=
 +
|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>1</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
 +
|electron configuration ref=
 +
|electron configuration comment=
 +
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2
 +
|electrons per shell ref=
 +
|electrons per shell comment=
 +
<!-- Physical properties -->
 +
|physical properties comment=
 +
|color=Silvery-white
 +
|phase=Solid
 +
|phase ref=
 +
|phase comment=
 +
|melting point K=1925
 +
|melting point C=1652
 +
|melting point F=3006
 +
|melting point ref=
 +
|melting point comment=
 +
|boiling point K=3675
 +
|boiling point C=3402
 +
|boiling point F=​6156
 +
|boiling point ref=
 +
|boiling point comment=
 +
|sublimation point K=
 +
|sublimation point C=
 +
|sublimation point F=
 +
|sublimation point ref=
 +
|sublimation point comment=
 +
|density gplstp=
 +
|density gplstp ref=
 +
|density gplstp comment=
 +
|density gpcm3nrt=9.841
 +
|density gpcm3nrt ref=
 +
|density gpcm3nrt comment=
 +
|density gpcm3nrt 2=
 +
|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=
 +
|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=
 +
|density gpcm3nrt 3=
 +
|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=
 +
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=
 +
|density gpcm3mp=9.3
 +
|density gpcm3mp ref=
 +
|density gpcm3mp comment=
 +
|density gpcm3bp=
 +
|density gpcm3bp ref=
 +
|density gpcm3bp comment=
 +
|molar volume=
 +
|molar volume unit =
 +
|molar volume ref=
 +
|molar volume comment=
 +
|triple point K=
 +
|triple point kPa=
 +
|triple point ref=
 +
|triple point comment=
 +
|triple point K 2=
 +
|triple point kPa 2=
 +
|triple point 2 ref=
 +
|triple point 2 comment=
 +
|critical point K=
 +
|critical point MPa=
 +
|critical point ref=
 +
|critical point comment=
 +
|heat fusion=22
 +
|heat fusion ref=
 +
|heat fusion comment=
 +
|heat fusion 2=
 +
|heat fusion 2 ref=
 +
|heat fusion 2 comment=
 +
|heat vaporization=414
 +
|heat vaporization ref=
 +
|heat vaporization comment=
 +
|heat capacity= 26.86
 +
|heat capacity ref=
 +
|heat capacity comment=
 +
|heat capacity 2=
 +
|heat capacity 2 ref=
 +
|heat capacity 2 comment=
 +
|vapor pressure 1=1906
 +
|vapor pressure 10=2103
 +
|vapor pressure 100=2346
 +
|vapor pressure 1 k=(2653)
 +
|vapor pressure 10 k=(3072)
 +
|vapor pressure 100 k=(3663)
 +
|vapor pressure ref=
 +
|vapor pressure comment=
 +
|vapor pressure 1 2=
 +
|vapor pressure 10 2=
 +
|vapor pressure 100 2=
 +
|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
 +
|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
 +
|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
 +
|vapor pressure 2 ref=
 +
|vapor pressure 2 comment=
 +
<!-- Atomic properties -->
 +
|atomic properties comment=
 +
|oxidation states='''3''', 2, 1
 +
|oxidation states ref=
 +
|oxidation states comment=(a weakly basic oxide)
 +
|electronegativity=1.27
 +
|electronegativity ref=
 +
|electronegativity comment=
 +
|ionization energy 1=523.5
 +
|ionization energy 1 ref=
 +
|ionization energy 1 comment=
 +
|ionization energy 2=1340
 +
|ionization energy 2 ref=
 +
|ionization energy 2 comment=
 +
|ionization energy 3=2022.3
 +
|ionization energy 3 ref=
 +
|ionization energy 3 comment=
 +
|number of ionization energies=
 +
|ionization energy ref=
 +
|ionization energy comment=
 +
|atomic radius=174
 +
|atomic radius ref=
 +
|atomic radius comment=
 +
|atomic radius calculated=
 +
|atomic radius calculated ref=
 +
|atomic radius calculated comment=
 +
|covalent radius=187±8
 +
|covalent radius ref=
 +
|covalent radius comment=
 +
|Van der Waals radius=
 +
|Van der Waals radius ref=
 +
|Van der Waals radius comment=
 +
<!-- Miscellanea -->
 +
|crystal structure=
 +
|crystal structure prefix=
 +
|crystal structure ref=
 +
|crystal structure comment= Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
 +
|crystal structure 2=
 +
|crystal structure 2 prefix=
 +
|crystal structure 2 ref=
 +
|crystal structure 2 comment=
 +
|speed of sound=
 +
|speed of sound ref=
 +
|speed of sound comment=
 +
|speed of sound rod at 20=
 +
|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
 +
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
 +
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
 +
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
 +
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
 +
|thermal expansion=9.9
 +
|thermal expansion ref=
 +
|thermal expansion comment=(poly)
 +
|thermal expansion at 25=
 +
|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
 +
|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
 +
|thermal conductivity=16.4
 +
|thermal conductivity ref=
 +
|thermal conductivity comment=
 +
|thermal conductivity 2=
 +
|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
 +
|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
 +
|thermal diffusivity=
 +
|thermal diffusivity ref=
 +
|thermal diffusivity comment=
 +
|electrical resistivity=5.82·10<sup>-7</sup>
 +
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=
 +
|electrical resistivity ref=
 +
|electrical resistivity comment=(poly)
 +
|electrical resistivity at 0=
 +
|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
 +
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
 +
|electrical resistivity at 20=
 +
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
 +
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=
 +
|band gap=
 +
|band gap ref=
 +
|band gap comment=
 +
|Curie point K=
 +
|Curie point ref=
 +
|Curie point comment=
 +
|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic
 +
|magnetic ordering ref=
 +
|magnetic ordering comment=
 +
|tensile strength=
 +
|tensile strength ref=
 +
|tensile strength comment=
 +
|Young's modulus=68.6
 +
|Young's modulus ref=
 +
|Young's modulus comment=
 +
|Shear modulus=27.2
 +
|Shear modulus ref=
 +
|Shear modulus comment=
 +
|Bulk modulus=47.6
 +
|Bulk modulus ref=
 +
|Bulk modulus comment=
 +
|Poisson ratio=0.261
 +
|Poisson ratio ref=
 +
|Poisson ratio comment=
 +
|Mohs hardness=
 +
|Mohs hardness ref=
 +
|Mohs hardness comment=
 +
|Mohs hardness 2=
 +
|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
 +
|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
 +
|Vickers hardness=755–1160
 +
|Vickers hardness ref=
 +
|Vickers hardness comment=
 +
|Brinell hardness=890–1300
 +
|Brinell hardness ref=
 +
|Brinell hardness comment=
 +
|CAS number=7439-94-3
 +
|CAS number ref=
 +
|CAS number comment=
 +
<!-- History -->
 +
|naming=After Lutetia, Latin for: Paris, in the Roman era
 +
|predicted by=
 +
|prediction date ref=
 +
|prediction date=
 +
|discovered by=Carl Auer von Welsbach and Georges Urbain
 +
|discovery date ref=
 +
|discovery date=1906
 +
|first isolation by=Carl Auer von Welsbach
 +
|first isolation date ref=
 +
|first isolation date=1906
 +
|discovery and first isolation by=
 +
|named by=Georges Urbain
 +
|named date ref=
 +
|named date=1906
 +
|history comment label=
 +
|history comment=
 +
<!-- Isotopes -->
 +
|isotopes=
 +
|isotopes comment=
 +
|engvar=
 +
}}
 
'''Lutetium''' is a chemical element with symbol '''Lu''' and atomic number 71. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.
 
'''Lutetium''' is a chemical element with symbol '''Lu''' and atomic number 71. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.
  
−
Lutetium's position in the [[periodic table]] is not entirely agreed on. Some models put it in group 3, others or at the end of the f block with [[lanthanum]] and actinium instead, while other types of tables only have [[scandium]] and [[yttrium]], leaving lutetium in the f block.
+
Lutetium's position in the [[periodic table]] is not entirely agreed on. Some models put it in group 3, others at the end of the f block with [[lanthanum]] and actinium instead, while other types of tables only have [[scandium]] and [[yttrium]], leaving lutetium in the f block.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
 
===Chemical===
 
===Chemical===
−
Lutetium resists oxidation in dry air, but will slowly react with water. It will also react with most acids, both organic and inorganic.
+
Like most lanthanides, lutetium resists oxidation in dry air, but will slowly react with [[water]]. Lutetium dissolves readily in both strong and weak acids, with the nitrate, sulfate and acetate salts being soluble in water, while the fluoride, carbonate, phosphate and oxalate salts are insoluble in water.
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
−
Lutetium is a silvery white metal. It has a meting point of 1652 °C and a boiling point of 3402. Its density is 9.841 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.
+
Lutetium is a silvery white metal. It has a meting point of 1652 °C and a boiling point of 3402 °C. Its density is 9.841 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.
  
 
==Availability==
 
==Availability==
Line 14: Line 286:
  
 
==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
−
Reducing lutetium salts with calcium will yield lutetium metal.
+
Reducing lutetium salts, like lutetium(III) chloride with [[calcium]] metal will yield lutetium metal.
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
 +
*[[Element collecting]]
 +
*Make lutetium compounds
 
*Make lutetium aluminium garnet
 
*Make lutetium aluminium garnet
 
*Make lutetium tantalate
 
*Make lutetium tantalate
Line 27: Line 301:
  
 
===Storage===
 
===Storage===
−
In closed containers, away from moisture and acids.
+
Luthetium should be kept in closed containers, away from moisture and acids.
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===

Latest revision as of 18:47, 28 November 2019

Lutetium,  71Lu
General properties
Name, symbol Lutetium, Lu
Appearance Silvery-white
Lutetium in the periodic table
-
↑
Lu
↓
Lr
Ytterbium ← Lutetium → Hafnium
Atomic number 71
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 174.9668(1)
Group, block , f-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2
per shell
 2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2
Physical properties
Silvery-white
Phase Solid
Melting point 1925 K ​(1652 °C, ​3006 °F)
Boiling point 3675 K ​(3402 °C, ​​6156 °F)
Density near r.t. 9.841 g/cm3
when liquid, at  9.3 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 22 kJ/mol
Heat of 414 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 26.86 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 3, 2, 1 ​(a weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.27
energies 1st: 523.5 kJ/mol
2nd: 1340 kJ/mol
3rd: 2022.3 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 174 pm
Covalent radius 187±8 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Thermal expansion 9.9 µm/(m·K) (poly)
Thermal conductivity 16.4 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 5.82·10-7 Ω·m (poly)
Magnetic ordering Paramagnetic
Young's modulus 68.6 GPa
Shear modulus 27.2 GPa
Bulk modulus 47.6 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.261
Vickers hardness 755–1160 MPa
Brinell hardness 890–1300 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7439-94-3
History
Naming After Lutetia, Latin for: Paris, in the Roman era
Discovery Carl Auer von Welsbach and Georges Urbain (1906)
First isolation Carl Auer von Welsbach (1906)
Named by Georges Urbain (1906)
· references

Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.

Lutetium's position in the periodic table is not entirely agreed on. Some models put it in group 3, others at the end of the f block with lanthanum and actinium instead, while other types of tables only have scandium and yttrium, leaving lutetium in the f block.

Properties

Chemical

Like most lanthanides, lutetium resists oxidation in dry air, but will slowly react with water. Lutetium dissolves readily in both strong and weak acids, with the nitrate, sulfate and acetate salts being soluble in water, while the fluoride, carbonate, phosphate and oxalate salts are insoluble in water.

Physical

Lutetium is a silvery white metal. It has a meting point of 1652 °C and a boiling point of 3402 °C. Its density is 9.841 g/cm3.

Availability

Lutetium can be purchased from Metallium and eBay.

Preparation

Reducing lutetium salts, like lutetium(III) chloride with calcium metal will yield lutetium metal.

Projects

  • Element collecting
  • Make lutetium compounds
  • Make lutetium aluminium garnet
  • Make lutetium tantalate

Handling

Safety

Lutetium reacts with water to release hydrogen, which is flammable.

Luthetium compounds are thought to be non-toxic. At least one compound, Motexafin lutetium has been studied in cancer treatment.

Storage

Luthetium should be kept in closed containers, away from moisture and acids.

Disposal

Since lutetium is expensive, it's best to try to recycle it.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

Retrieved from "https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lutetium&oldid=12181"