Difference between revisions of "Nickel"
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| − | |image name comment= | + | |image name comment=Nickel metal in powdered form |
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<!-- Periodic table --> | <!-- Periodic table --> | ||
|above= | |above= | ||
| − | |below=Pd | + | |below=[[Palladium|Pd]] |
| − | |left= | + | |left=[[Cobalt]] |
| − | |right= | + | |right=[[Copper]] |
|number=28 | |number=28 | ||
| − | |atomic mass=58.6934 | + | |atomic mass=58.6934(4) |
|atomic mass 2= | |atomic mass 2= | ||
|atomic mass ref= | |atomic mass ref= | ||
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|block ref= | |block ref= | ||
|block comment= | |block comment= | ||
| − | |electron configuration=[Ar] | + | |electron configuration=[Ar] 3d<sup>8</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> or |
| − | [Ar] | + | [Ar] 3d<sup>9</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> |
|electron configuration ref= | |electron configuration ref= | ||
|electron configuration comment= | |electron configuration comment= | ||
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<!-- Physical properties --> | <!-- Physical properties --> | ||
|physical properties comment= | |physical properties comment= | ||
| − | |color= | + | |color=Silvery metallic |
| − | |phase= | + | |phase=Solid |
|phase ref= | |phase ref= | ||
|phase comment= | |phase comment= | ||
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|sublimation point ref= | |sublimation point ref= | ||
|sublimation point comment= | |sublimation point comment= | ||
| − | |density gplstp= | + | |density gplstp= |
|density gplstp ref= | |density gplstp ref= | ||
|density gplstp comment= | |density gplstp comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3nrt= | + | |density gpcm3nrt=8.908 |
|density gpcm3nrt ref= | |density gpcm3nrt ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt comment= | |density gpcm3nrt comment= | ||
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | |density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | |density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3mp= | + | |density gpcm3mp=7.81 |
|density gpcm3mp ref= | |density gpcm3mp ref= | ||
|density gpcm3mp comment= | |density gpcm3mp comment= | ||
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|critical point ref= | |critical point ref= | ||
|critical point comment= | |critical point comment= | ||
| − | |heat fusion= | + | |heat fusion=17.48 |
|heat fusion ref= | |heat fusion ref= | ||
|heat fusion comment= | |heat fusion comment= | ||
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|heat fusion 2 ref= | |heat fusion 2 ref= | ||
|heat fusion 2 comment= | |heat fusion 2 comment= | ||
| − | |heat vaporization= | + | |heat vaporization=379 |
|heat vaporization ref= | |heat vaporization ref= | ||
|heat vaporization comment= | |heat vaporization comment= | ||
| − | |heat capacity= | + | |heat capacity=26.07 |
|heat capacity ref= | |heat capacity ref= | ||
|heat capacity comment= | |heat capacity comment= | ||
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|heat capacity 2 ref= | |heat capacity 2 ref= | ||
|heat capacity 2 comment= | |heat capacity 2 comment= | ||
| − | |vapor pressure 1= | + | |vapor pressure 1=1783 |
| − | |vapor pressure 10= | + | |vapor pressure 10=1950 |
| − | |vapor pressure 100= | + | |vapor pressure 100=2154 |
| − | |vapor pressure 1 k= | + | |vapor pressure 1 k=2410 |
| − | |vapor pressure 10 k= | + | |vapor pressure 10 k=2741 |
| − | |vapor pressure 100 k= | + | |vapor pressure 100 k=3184 |
|vapor pressure ref= | |vapor pressure ref= | ||
|vapor pressure comment= | |vapor pressure comment= | ||
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<!-- Atomic properties --> | <!-- Atomic properties --> | ||
|atomic properties comment= | |atomic properties comment= | ||
| − | |oxidation states=4,3,2,1,-1,-2 | + | |oxidation states=4, 3, '''2''', 1, -1, -2 |
|oxidation states ref= | |oxidation states ref= | ||
| − | |oxidation states comment= | + | |oxidation states comment=(a mildly basic oxide) |
| − | |electronegativity= | + | |electronegativity=1.91 |
|electronegativity ref= | |electronegativity ref= | ||
|electronegativity comment= | |electronegativity comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 1= 737.129 | + | |ionization energy 1= 737.129 |
|ionization energy 1 ref= | |ionization energy 1 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 1 comment= | |ionization energy 1 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 2= 1753.027 | + | |ionization energy 2= 1753.027 |
|ionization energy 2 ref= | |ionization energy 2 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 2 comment= | |ionization energy 2 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 3= 3395.32 | + | |ionization energy 3= 3395.32 |
|ionization energy 3 ref= | |ionization energy 3 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 3 comment= | |ionization energy 3 comment= | ||
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|ionization energy ref= | |ionization energy ref= | ||
|ionization energy comment= | |ionization energy comment= | ||
| − | |atomic radius= | + | |atomic radius= 124 |
|atomic radius ref= | |atomic radius ref= | ||
|atomic radius comment= | |atomic radius comment= | ||
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|atomic radius calculated ref= | |atomic radius calculated ref= | ||
|atomic radius calculated comment= | |atomic radius calculated comment= | ||
| − | |covalent radius= | + | |covalent radius=124±4 |
|covalent radius ref= | |covalent radius ref= | ||
|covalent radius comment= | |covalent radius comment= | ||
| − | |Van der Waals radius= | + | |Van der Waals radius=163 |
|Van der Waals radius ref= | |Van der Waals radius ref= | ||
|Van der Waals radius comment= | |Van der Waals radius comment= | ||
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|crystal structure prefix= | |crystal structure prefix= | ||
|crystal structure ref= | |crystal structure ref= | ||
| − | |crystal structure comment= | + | |crystal structure comment= Face-centered cubic (fcc) |
|crystal structure 2= | |crystal structure 2= | ||
|crystal structure 2 prefix= | |crystal structure 2 prefix= | ||
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref= | |speed of sound rod at 20 ref= | ||
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment= | |speed of sound rod at 20 comment= | ||
| − | |speed of sound rod at r.t.= | + | |speed of sound rod at r.t.=4900 |
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | |speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | ||
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= | |speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= | ||
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|thermal expansion ref= | |thermal expansion ref= | ||
|thermal expansion comment= | |thermal expansion comment= | ||
| − | |thermal expansion at 25= | + | |thermal expansion at 25=13.4 |
|thermal expansion at 25 ref= | |thermal expansion at 25 ref= | ||
|thermal expansion at 25 comment= | |thermal expansion at 25 comment= | ||
| − | |thermal conductivity= | + | |thermal conductivity=90.9 |
|thermal conductivity ref= | |thermal conductivity ref= | ||
|thermal conductivity comment= | |thermal conductivity comment= | ||
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | ||
| − | |electrical resistivity at 20= | + | |electrical resistivity at 20=6.93·10<sup>-8</sup> |
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | ||
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|Curie point ref= | |Curie point ref= | ||
|Curie point comment= | |Curie point comment= | ||
| − | |magnetic ordering= | + | |magnetic ordering=Ferromagnetic |
|magnetic ordering ref= | |magnetic ordering ref= | ||
|magnetic ordering comment= | |magnetic ordering comment= | ||
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|tensile strength ref= | |tensile strength ref= | ||
|tensile strength comment= | |tensile strength comment= | ||
| − | |Young's modulus= | + | |Young's modulus=200 |
|Young's modulus ref= | |Young's modulus ref= | ||
|Young's modulus comment= | |Young's modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Shear modulus= | + | |Shear modulus=76 |
|Shear modulus ref= | |Shear modulus ref= | ||
|Shear modulus comment= | |Shear modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Bulk modulus= | + | |Bulk modulus=180 |
|Bulk modulus ref= | |Bulk modulus ref= | ||
|Bulk modulus comment= | |Bulk modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Poisson ratio= | + | |Poisson ratio=0.31 |
|Poisson ratio ref= | |Poisson ratio ref= | ||
|Poisson ratio comment= | |Poisson ratio comment= | ||
| − | |Mohs hardness= | + | |Mohs hardness=4.0 |
|Mohs hardness ref= | |Mohs hardness ref= | ||
|Mohs hardness comment= | |Mohs hardness comment= | ||
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref= | |Mohs hardness 2 ref= | ||
|Mohs hardness 2 comment= | |Mohs hardness 2 comment= | ||
| − | |Vickers hardness= | + | |Vickers hardness=638 |
|Vickers hardness ref= | |Vickers hardness ref= | ||
|Vickers hardness comment= | |Vickers hardness comment= | ||
| − | |Brinell hardness= | + | |Brinell hardness=667–1600 |
|Brinell hardness ref= | |Brinell hardness ref= | ||
|Brinell hardness comment= | |Brinell hardness comment= | ||
| − | |CAS number= | + | |CAS number=7440-02-0 |
|CAS number ref= | |CAS number ref= | ||
|CAS number comment= | |CAS number comment= | ||
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|first isolation date ref= | |first isolation date ref= | ||
|first isolation date= | |first isolation date= | ||
| − | |discovery and first isolation by= | + | |discovery and first isolation by=Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751) |
|named by= | |named by= | ||
|named date ref= | |named date ref= | ||
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|engvar= | |engvar= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | '''Nickel''' is a [[transition metal]] with the symbol '''Ni''' and atomic number 28. It is well-known as a coinage material due to its corrosion resistance, and is often used to [[Nickel plating|plate objects]]. In solution, it has extensive [[coordination complex|coordination chemistry]], and some interesting [[Redox reaction|redox chemistry]] which is not commonly seen. | |
| − | '''Nickel''' is a [[transition metal]] with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is well-known as a coinage material due to its corrosion resistance, and is often used to [[Nickel plating|plate objects]]. In solution, it has extensive [[coordination complex|coordination chemistry]], and some interesting [[Redox reaction|redox chemistry]] which is not commonly seen. | + | |
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
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===Chemical properties=== | ===Chemical properties=== | ||
| − | Much of nickel's chemical resistance owes to its [[ | + | Much of nickel's chemical resistance owes to its [[passivation]] in air. It will also passivate in the presence of [[fluorine]], making it an ideal material for handling and storing the gas. It will dissolve only slowly in [[Hydrochloric acid|hydrochloric]] and [[sulfuric acid]]s. In concentrated [[nitric acid]], nickel will not dissolve, but it will dissolve in dilute nitric acid. |
| − | Nickel(II) compounds form a hexaaqua complex in water with the formula [Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> and coordinate to many different [[ | + | Nickel(II) compounds form a hexaaqua complex in water with the formula [Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> and coordinate to many different [[ligand]]s, including chloride, [[ammonia]], and [[ethylenediamine]]. These complexes can be hexacoordinate, tetragonal, or square planar, with square planar complexes such as tetrachloronickelate being [[Diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] rather than paramagnetic. |
==Availability== | ==Availability== | ||
Nickel is present as the main material (certified 99.9%) in older Canadian nickels, dating from 1922 to 1942, and older Canadian dimes dating from 1969 to 1999. It is also present in US nickels, dimes, quarters and in 1 and 2 euro coins too. However, the majority of the metal is [[copper]], with nickel making up anywhere from 9% to 25% of the coin. Destroying coins is illegal however, and heavy fines exist everywhere for breaking this law. | Nickel is present as the main material (certified 99.9%) in older Canadian nickels, dating from 1922 to 1942, and older Canadian dimes dating from 1969 to 1999. It is also present in US nickels, dimes, quarters and in 1 and 2 euro coins too. However, the majority of the metal is [[copper]], with nickel making up anywhere from 9% to 25% of the coin. Destroying coins is illegal however, and heavy fines exist everywhere for breaking this law. | ||
| − | A good source of nickel is [[Mu-metal]], an alloy containing 77-80% nickel, 16% iron, 5-2% copper and molybdenum. This alloy is commonly encountered in the hard drive magnets brackets, which can be extracted from hard disks. As a bonus, they are also nickel plated. Old submarine cables also contain Mu-metal wiring. Cathode tubes are also a source. Chemical extraction is required to separate the nickel. | + | A good source of nickel is [[Mu-metal]], an alloy containing 77-80% nickel, 16% [[iron]], 5-2% [[copper]] and [[molybdenum]]. This alloy is commonly encountered in the hard drive magnets brackets, which can be extracted from hard disks. As a bonus, they are also nickel plated. Old submarine cables also contain Mu-metal wiring. Cathode tubes are also a source. Chemical extraction is required to separate the nickel. However, many hobby chemists have discovered that the "Mu metal" brackets commonly found in hard drives do not contain any significant amounts of nickel and instead are made of iron/steel. As such, one will have to check the model of the hard drives they take apart, to find only the ones that are known to use actual Mu metal. |
Nickel strips for electroplating can be bought from [http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=168 United Nuclear]. | Nickel strips for electroplating can be bought from [http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=168 United Nuclear]. | ||
Another good source of nickel metal is the Ni200 wire sold in many electronic cigarette stores, as heating wire. The nickel content is 99%. | Another good source of nickel metal is the Ni200 wire sold in many electronic cigarette stores, as heating wire. The nickel content is 99%. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Isolation== | ||
| + | Nickel metal can be produced very easily by electrowinning in from a nickel salt solution. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ultrapure Ni metal can be obtained by careful thermal decomposition of nickel carbonyls, in inert atmosphere, which yields very fine and very pure Ni powder. This route is called the Mond process. | ||
==Projects== | ==Projects== | ||
Latest revision as of 12:03, 25 June 2023
 Nickel metal in powdered form | |||||
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Nickel, Ni | ||||
| Appearance | A silvery metal that resists corrosion even at high temperatures. | ||||
| Nickel in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 28 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 58.6934(4) | ||||
| Group, block | , d-block | ||||
| Period | period 4 | ||||
| Electron configuration |
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 or [Ar] 3d9 4s1 | ||||
per shell | 2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Silvery metallic | |||||
| Phase | Solid | ||||
| Melting point | 1728 K (1455 °C, 2651 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 3003 K (2730 °C, 4946 °F) | ||||
| Density near r.t. | 8.908 g/cm3 | ||||
| when liquid, at | 7.81 g/cm3 | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 17.48 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 379 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 26.07 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2 (a mildly basic oxide) | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.91 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 737.129 kJ/mol 2nd: 1753.027 kJ/mol 3rd: 3395.32 kJ/mol (more) | ||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 124 pm | ||||
| Covalent radius | 124±4 pm | ||||
| Van der Waals radius | 163 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | Face-centered cubic (fcc) | ||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 4900 m/s (at ) | ||||
| Thermal expansion | 13.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 90.9 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 6.93·10-8 Ω·m (at 20 °C) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | Ferromagnetic | ||||
| Young's modulus | 200 GPa | ||||
| Shear modulus | 76 GPa | ||||
| Bulk modulus | 180 GPa | ||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.31 | ||||
| Mohs hardness | 4.0 | ||||
| Vickers hardness | 638 MPa | ||||
| Brinell hardness | 667–1600 MPa | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7440-02-0 | ||||
| Discovery and first isolation | Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751) | ||||
Nickel is a transition metal with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is well-known as a coinage material due to its corrosion resistance, and is often used to plate objects. In solution, it has extensive coordination chemistry, and some interesting redox chemistry which is not commonly seen.
Contents
Properties
Physical properties
Nickel is a silvery-white metal that has a slight yellowish tinge. It is one of four elements that is ferromagnetic at or near room temperature (iron, cobalt, and gadolinium being the others). Its Curie temperature is 355 °C, which causes the metal to reversibly become paramagnetic. It is hard yet ductile.
Chemical properties
Much of nickel's chemical resistance owes to its passivation in air. It will also passivate in the presence of fluorine, making it an ideal material for handling and storing the gas. It will dissolve only slowly in hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. In concentrated nitric acid, nickel will not dissolve, but it will dissolve in dilute nitric acid.
Nickel(II) compounds form a hexaaqua complex in water with the formula [Ni(H2O)6]2+ and coordinate to many different ligands, including chloride, ammonia, and ethylenediamine. These complexes can be hexacoordinate, tetragonal, or square planar, with square planar complexes such as tetrachloronickelate being diamagnetic rather than paramagnetic.
Availability
Nickel is present as the main material (certified 99.9%) in older Canadian nickels, dating from 1922 to 1942, and older Canadian dimes dating from 1969 to 1999. It is also present in US nickels, dimes, quarters and in 1 and 2 euro coins too. However, the majority of the metal is copper, with nickel making up anywhere from 9% to 25% of the coin. Destroying coins is illegal however, and heavy fines exist everywhere for breaking this law.
A good source of nickel is Mu-metal, an alloy containing 77-80% nickel, 16% iron, 5-2% copper and molybdenum. This alloy is commonly encountered in the hard drive magnets brackets, which can be extracted from hard disks. As a bonus, they are also nickel plated. Old submarine cables also contain Mu-metal wiring. Cathode tubes are also a source. Chemical extraction is required to separate the nickel. However, many hobby chemists have discovered that the "Mu metal" brackets commonly found in hard drives do not contain any significant amounts of nickel and instead are made of iron/steel. As such, one will have to check the model of the hard drives they take apart, to find only the ones that are known to use actual Mu metal.
Nickel strips for electroplating can be bought from United Nuclear.
Another good source of nickel metal is the Ni200 wire sold in many electronic cigarette stores, as heating wire. The nickel content is 99%.
Isolation
Nickel metal can be produced very easily by electrowinning in from a nickel salt solution.
Ultrapure Ni metal can be obtained by careful thermal decomposition of nickel carbonyls, in inert atmosphere, which yields very fine and very pure Ni powder. This route is called the Mond process.
Projects
- Nickel plating
- Coordination complexes
- Building a battery
- Make Raney nickel
Handling
Safety
Nickel compounds are known to be carcinogens, and are grouped as class 1. Nickel metal is grouped as class 2B (it is a suspected carcinogen). However, it is not regulated by OSHA.
Some people are allergic to nickel metal and develop an itch or rash when exposed to it (contact dermatitis). If this occurs, wear gloves when handling the metal.
Storage
No special storage is required for bulk nickel. Nickel powder must be stored in closed bottles, away from any ignition source.
Disposal
Nickel and its compounds should be taken to disposal facilities.
