Difference between revisions of "Titanium"
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{{Infobox element | {{Infobox element | ||
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| − | |image name=File:Titanium_shavings.jpg|image alt= | + | |image name=File:Titanium_shavings.jpg |
| + | |image alt= | ||
|image size= | |image size= | ||
| − | |image name comment=Titanium shavings. | + | |image name comment= Titanium shavings. |
|image name 2= | |image name 2= | ||
|image alt 2= | |image alt 2= | ||
| Line 18: | Line 19: | ||
|alt names= | |alt names= | ||
|allotropes= | |allotropes= | ||
| − | |appearance= | + | |appearance= Silvery white |
<!-- Periodic table --> | <!-- Periodic table --> | ||
| − | |above= | + | |above=- |
| − | |below=Zr | + | |below=[[Zirconium|Zr]] |
| − | |left= | + | |left=[[Scandium]] |
| − | |right= | + | |right=[[Vanadium]] |
|number=22 | |number=22 | ||
|atomic mass=47.87 | |atomic mass=47.87 | ||
| Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
|group= | |group= | ||
|group ref= | |group ref= | ||
| − | |group comment= | + | |group comment=4 |
| − | |period= | + | |period=4 |
|period ref= | |period ref= | ||
|period comment= | |period comment= | ||
| − | |block= | + | |block=d |
|block ref= | |block ref= | ||
|block comment= | |block comment= | ||
| − | |electron configuration= | + | |electron configuration= [Ar] 3d<sup>2</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> |
|electron configuration ref= | |electron configuration ref= | ||
|electron configuration comment= | |electron configuration comment= | ||
| − | |electrons per shell= | + | |electrons per shell=2, 8, 10, 2 |
|electrons per shell ref= | |electrons per shell ref= | ||
|electrons per shell comment= | |electrons per shell comment= | ||
<!-- Physical properties --> | <!-- Physical properties --> | ||
|physical properties comment= | |physical properties comment= | ||
| − | |color= | + | |color=silvery,metalic |
|phase=solid | |phase=solid | ||
|phase ref= | |phase ref= | ||
|phase comment= | |phase comment= | ||
| − | |melting point K= | + | |melting point K=1941 |
| − | |melting point C= | + | |melting point C=1668 |
| − | |melting point F= | + | |melting point F=3034 |
|melting point ref= | |melting point ref= | ||
|melting point comment= | |melting point comment= | ||
| − | |boiling point K= | + | |boiling point K=3560 |
| − | |boiling point C= | + | |boiling point C=3287 |
| − | |boiling point F= | + | |boiling point F=5949 |
|boiling point ref= | |boiling point ref= | ||
|boiling point comment= | |boiling point comment= | ||
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|density gplstp ref= | |density gplstp ref= | ||
|density gplstp comment= | |density gplstp comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3nrt= | + | |density gpcm3nrt= 4.506 |
|density gpcm3nrt ref= | |density gpcm3nrt ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt comment= | |density gpcm3nrt comment= | ||
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | |density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | |density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3mp= | + | |density gpcm3mp= 4.11 |
|density gpcm3mp ref= | |density gpcm3mp ref= | ||
|density gpcm3mp comment= | |density gpcm3mp comment= | ||
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|critical point ref= | |critical point ref= | ||
|critical point comment= | |critical point comment= | ||
| − | |heat fusion= | + | |heat fusion=14.15 |
|heat fusion ref= | |heat fusion ref= | ||
|heat fusion comment= | |heat fusion comment= | ||
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|heat fusion 2 ref= | |heat fusion 2 ref= | ||
|heat fusion 2 comment= | |heat fusion 2 comment= | ||
| − | |heat vaporization= | + | |heat vaporization=425 |
|heat vaporization ref= | |heat vaporization ref= | ||
|heat vaporization comment= | |heat vaporization comment= | ||
| − | |heat capacity= | + | |heat capacity=25.060 |
|heat capacity ref= | |heat capacity ref= | ||
|heat capacity comment= | |heat capacity comment= | ||
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|heat capacity 2 ref= | |heat capacity 2 ref= | ||
|heat capacity 2 comment= | |heat capacity 2 comment= | ||
| − | |vapor pressure 1= | + | |vapor pressure 1=1982 |
| − | |vapor pressure 10= | + | |vapor pressure 10=2171 |
| − | |vapor pressure 100= | + | |vapor pressure 100=2403 |
| − | |vapor pressure 1 k= | + | |vapor pressure 1 k=2692 |
| − | |vapor pressure 10 k= | + | |vapor pressure 10 k=3064 |
| − | |vapor pressure 100 k= | + | |vapor pressure 100 k=3558 |
|vapor pressure ref= | |vapor pressure ref= | ||
|vapor pressure comment= | |vapor pressure comment= | ||
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<!-- Atomic properties --> | <!-- Atomic properties --> | ||
|atomic properties comment= | |atomic properties comment= | ||
| − | |oxidation states= | + | |oxidation states=4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide) |
|oxidation states ref= | |oxidation states ref= | ||
|oxidation states comment= | |oxidation states comment= | ||
| − | |electronegativity= | + | |electronegativity=1.54 |
|electronegativity ref= | |electronegativity ref= | ||
|electronegativity comment= | |electronegativity comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 1= | + | |ionization energy 1=658.8 |
|ionization energy 1 ref= | |ionization energy 1 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 1 comment= | |ionization energy 1 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 2= | + | |ionization energy 2=1309.8 |
|ionization energy 2 ref= | |ionization energy 2 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 2 comment= | |ionization energy 2 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 3= | + | |ionization energy 3=2652.5 |
|ionization energy 3 ref= | |ionization energy 3 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 3 comment= | |ionization energy 3 comment= | ||
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|ionization energy ref= | |ionization energy ref= | ||
|ionization energy comment= | |ionization energy comment= | ||
| − | |atomic radius= | + | |atomic radius=147 |
|atomic radius ref= | |atomic radius ref= | ||
|atomic radius comment= | |atomic radius comment= | ||
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|atomic radius calculated ref= | |atomic radius calculated ref= | ||
|atomic radius calculated comment= | |atomic radius calculated comment= | ||
| − | |covalent radius= | + | |covalent radius=160±8 |
|covalent radius ref= | |covalent radius ref= | ||
|covalent radius comment= | |covalent radius comment= | ||
| Line 167: | Line 168: | ||
|Van der Waals radius comment= | |Van der Waals radius comment= | ||
<!-- Miscellanea --> | <!-- Miscellanea --> | ||
| − | |crystal structure= | + | |crystal structure= |
|crystal structure prefix= | |crystal structure prefix= | ||
|crystal structure ref= | |crystal structure ref= | ||
| − | |crystal structure comment= | + | |crystal structure comment=hexagonal close-packed (hcp) |
|crystal structure 2= | |crystal structure 2= | ||
|crystal structure 2 prefix= | |crystal structure 2 prefix= | ||
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref= | |speed of sound rod at 20 ref= | ||
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment= | |speed of sound rod at 20 comment= | ||
| − | |speed of sound rod at r.t.= | + | |speed of sound rod at r.t.=5090 |
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | |speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | ||
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= | |speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= | ||
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|thermal expansion ref= | |thermal expansion ref= | ||
|thermal expansion comment= | |thermal expansion comment= | ||
| − | |thermal expansion at 25= | + | |thermal expansion at 25=8.6 |
|thermal expansion at 25 ref= | |thermal expansion at 25 ref= | ||
|thermal expansion at 25 comment= | |thermal expansion at 25 comment= | ||
| − | |thermal conductivity= | + | |thermal conductivity=21.9 |
|thermal conductivity ref= | |thermal conductivity ref= | ||
|thermal conductivity comment= | |thermal conductivity comment= | ||
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | ||
| − | |electrical resistivity at 20= | + | |electrical resistivity at 20=420 |
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | ||
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|Curie point ref= | |Curie point ref= | ||
|Curie point comment= | |Curie point comment= | ||
| − | |magnetic ordering= | + | |magnetic ordering= Paramagnetic |
|magnetic ordering ref= | |magnetic ordering ref= | ||
|magnetic ordering comment= | |magnetic ordering comment= | ||
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|tensile strength ref= | |tensile strength ref= | ||
|tensile strength comment= | |tensile strength comment= | ||
| − | |Young's modulus= | + | |Young's modulus=116 |
|Young's modulus ref= | |Young's modulus ref= | ||
|Young's modulus comment= | |Young's modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Shear modulus= | + | |Shear modulus=44 |
|Shear modulus ref= | |Shear modulus ref= | ||
|Shear modulus comment= | |Shear modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Bulk modulus= | + | |Bulk modulus=110 |
|Bulk modulus ref= | |Bulk modulus ref= | ||
|Bulk modulus comment= | |Bulk modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Poisson ratio= | + | |Poisson ratio=0.32 |
|Poisson ratio ref= | |Poisson ratio ref= | ||
|Poisson ratio comment= | |Poisson ratio comment= | ||
| − | |Mohs hardness= | + | |Mohs hardness=6.0 |
|Mohs hardness ref= | |Mohs hardness ref= | ||
|Mohs hardness comment= | |Mohs hardness comment= | ||
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref= | |Mohs hardness 2 ref= | ||
|Mohs hardness 2 comment= | |Mohs hardness 2 comment= | ||
| − | |Vickers hardness= | + | |Vickers hardness=830–3420 |
|Vickers hardness ref= | |Vickers hardness ref= | ||
|Vickers hardness comment= | |Vickers hardness comment= | ||
| − | |Brinell hardness= | + | |Brinell hardness=716–2770 |
|Brinell hardness ref= | |Brinell hardness ref= | ||
|Brinell hardness comment= | |Brinell hardness comment= | ||
| − | |CAS number= | + | |CAS number=7440-32-6 |
|CAS number ref= | |CAS number ref= | ||
|CAS number comment= | |CAS number comment= | ||
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|prediction date ref= | |prediction date ref= | ||
|prediction date= | |prediction date= | ||
| − | |discovered by= | + | |discovered by=William Gregor |
|discovery date ref= | |discovery date ref= | ||
| − | |discovery date= | + | |discovery date=1791 |
| − | |first isolation by= | + | |first isolation by= Jöns Jakob Berzelius |
|first isolation date ref= | |first isolation date ref= | ||
| − | |first isolation date= | + | |first isolation date=1825 |
|discovery and first isolation by= | |discovery and first isolation by= | ||
| − | |named by= | + | |named by=Martin Heinrich Klaproth |
|named date ref= | |named date ref= | ||
| − | |named date= | + | |named date=1795 |
|history comment label= | |history comment label= | ||
|history comment= | |history comment= | ||
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|engvar= | |engvar= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | '''Titanium''' is a transition metal with the symbol '''Ti''' and the atomic number 22. It is a grayish, light metal that has high corrosion resistance, but can be converted to multiple oxidation states, most commonly +4 and +3. | |
| − | '''Titanium''' is a transition metal with the symbol Ti and the atomic number 22. It is a grayish, light metal that has high corrosion resistance, but can be converted to multiple oxidation states, most commonly +4 and +3. | + | |
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
===Physical properties=== | ===Physical properties=== | ||
| − | Titanium is a gray metal of low density, only 60% more than that of [[aluminium]], but is twice as strong. It is a common refractory material, and prized for its mechanical properties. It is slightly [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] and exists in three [[ | + | Titanium is a gray metal of low density, only 60% more than that of [[aluminium]], but is twice as strong. It is a common refractory material, and prized for its mechanical properties. It is slightly [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] and exists in three [[allotrope]]s. Its electrical conductivity is relatively poor for a metal. |
===Chemical properties=== | ===Chemical properties=== | ||
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Titanium(II) compounds also exist, but these are very difficult to produce, as they reduce many materials, including water. | Titanium(II) compounds also exist, but these are very difficult to produce, as they reduce many materials, including water. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Isolation== |
| − | Titanium can be prepared by reducing [[titanium tetrachloride]] with magnesium, though this reaction is difficult for the amateur chemist as both titanium and its chloride are sensitive to water and air. Industrially, this reaction is performed in vacuum (Kroll process). | + | Titanium can be prepared by reducing [[Titanium(IV) chloride|titanium tetrachloride]] with [[magnesium]], though this reaction is difficult for the amateur chemist as both titanium and its chloride are sensitive to water and air. Industrially, this reaction is performed in vacuum (Kroll process). |
| − | An easier route to preparing titanium metal is through a thermite reaction between [[titanium dioxide]] and aluminium. The reaction doesn't proceed smoothly on its own, however, and instead must be boosted with a side reaction between aluminium and [[calcium sulfate]], or some other booster. If large nodules of the metal are desired, about one part [[calcium fluoride]] per every two parts titanium dioxide can be used to help the mixture melt together. The resulting titanium contains about 10 % of Al, some as alloyed metal, some as alumina slag inclusions. The obtained Ti is also non-ductile, as ductile Ti can only be obtained by the anaerobic Kroll process. | + | An easier route to preparing titanium metal is through a thermite reaction between [[titanium dioxide]] and [[aluminium]]. The reaction doesn't proceed smoothly on its own, however, and instead must be boosted with a side reaction between aluminium and [[calcium sulfate]], or some other booster. If large nodules of the metal are desired, about one part [[calcium fluoride]] per every two parts titanium dioxide can be used to help the mixture melt together. The resulting titanium contains about 10 % of Al, some as alloyed metal, some as alumina slag inclusions. The obtained Ti is also non-ductile, as ductile Ti can only be obtained by the anaerobic Kroll process. |
==Availability== | ==Availability== | ||
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===Storage=== | ===Storage=== | ||
| − | No special storage is required for titanium. | + | No special storage is required for titanium. Powdered titanium however should be stored in a low oxygen container. |
===Disposal=== | ===Disposal=== | ||
Latest revision as of 16:40, 28 April 2018
 Titanium shavings. | |||||
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Titanium, Ti | ||||
| Pronunciation | /tɪˈteɪniəm/ | ||||
| Appearance | Silvery white | ||||
| Titanium in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 22 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 47.87 | ||||
| Group, block | 4; d-block | ||||
| Period | period 4 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d2 4s2 | ||||
per shell | 2, 8, 10, 2 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| silvery,metalic | |||||
| Phase | solid | ||||
| Melting point | 1941 K (1668 °C, 3034 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F) | ||||
| Density near r.t. | 4.506 g/cm3 | ||||
| when liquid, at | 4.11 g/cm3 | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 14.15 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 425 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 25.060 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide) | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.54 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 658.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol 3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol | ||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 147 pm | ||||
| Covalent radius | 160±8 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure |
hexagonal close-packed (hcp) | ||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 5090 m/s (at ) | ||||
| Thermal expansion | 8.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 21.9 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 420 Ω·m (at 20 °C) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | Paramagnetic | ||||
| Young's modulus | 116 GPa | ||||
| Shear modulus | 44 GPa | ||||
| Bulk modulus | 110 GPa | ||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.32 | ||||
| Mohs hardness | 6.0 | ||||
| Vickers hardness | 830–3420 MPa | ||||
| Brinell hardness | 716–2770 MPa | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7440-32-6 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Discovery | William Gregor (1791) | ||||
| First isolation | Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825) | ||||
| Named by | Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795) | ||||
Titanium is a transition metal with the symbol Ti and the atomic number 22. It is a grayish, light metal that has high corrosion resistance, but can be converted to multiple oxidation states, most commonly +4 and +3.
Contents
Properties
Physical properties
Titanium is a gray metal of low density, only 60% more than that of aluminium, but is twice as strong. It is a common refractory material, and prized for its mechanical properties. It is slightly paramagnetic and exists in three allotropes. Its electrical conductivity is relatively poor for a metal.
Chemical properties
Although titanium does not appear to be reactive, as it does not corrode and generally resists attack by concentrated acids or bases, it has a very strong affinity to oxygen. Its reactivity is masked by the formation of a passivating oxide layer of titanium dioxide on the surface. Titanium will ignite at temperatures exceeding 1,200 °C to form the oxide and nitride in air. Therefore, melting titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere. The flame is white, but slightly yellowish compared to a magnesium flame.
Titanium(IV) is the most common oxidation state of the element. Compounds of titanium(IV) are extremely difficult to dissolve in aqueous solution as the TiO2+ (titanyl) ion only exists in highly acidic conditions. However, it can be produced very easily. The most common titanium(IV) compound is the oxide. Titanium(IV) chloride is a powerful Lewis acid that hydrolyzes to hydrogen chloride and titanium dioxide in the presence of water. Titanium(IV) also forms stable peroxo complexes, which are quite colorful.
Titanium(III) compounds are also accessible to the amateur. When added to hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, titanium dissolves to form titanium(III) chloride, which exists as a purple solution. Most titanium(III) compounds are bluish-purple due to the lone d electron, however, this purple color is not very strong due to the low probability of the transition. This is a good starting point for the production of many titanium compounds, such as titanium(III) oxide. Mixed titanium(III,IV) fluoro complexes can be produced, though they have not been studied well.
The metal also dissolves quite easily in hot, 50 w% sulphuric acid, forming purple Ti(III) sulphate. Stable solutions up to about 30 w% of Ti2(SO4)3 can be obtained this way. When CsCl solution is added to these solutions CsTi(III) alum precipitates.
Titanium(II) compounds also exist, but these are very difficult to produce, as they reduce many materials, including water.
Isolation
Titanium can be prepared by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium, though this reaction is difficult for the amateur chemist as both titanium and its chloride are sensitive to water and air. Industrially, this reaction is performed in vacuum (Kroll process).
An easier route to preparing titanium metal is through a thermite reaction between titanium dioxide and aluminium. The reaction doesn't proceed smoothly on its own, however, and instead must be boosted with a side reaction between aluminium and calcium sulfate, or some other booster. If large nodules of the metal are desired, about one part calcium fluoride per every two parts titanium dioxide can be used to help the mixture melt together. The resulting titanium contains about 10 % of Al, some as alloyed metal, some as alumina slag inclusions. The obtained Ti is also non-ductile, as ductile Ti can only be obtained by the anaerobic Kroll process.
Availability
Titanium is available in over 50 grades. Grades 1 through 4 are pure titanium, with the largest impurity being oxygen atom replacements in the crystal lattice. The other grades are titanium alloys.
Projects
- Titanium salutes, sparklers, and other pyrotechnics
- Thermite boosed with calcium sulfate
- Titanium tetrachloride synthesis
- Titanium electrodes
- Titanium halogen salts
- Anodizing titanium metal produces a wide range of colors:
Handling
Safety
Titanium powder and turnings can be flammable. Finely dispersed titanium dust can ignite spontaneously with electrical sparks or open flames, causing a flashover. Bulk titanium, however, is extremely difficult to ignite.
Storage
No special storage is required for titanium. Powdered titanium however should be stored in a low oxygen container.
Disposal
Titanium and titanium compounds are non-toxic and do not require special disposal.
