Difference between revisions of "Bismuth"

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[[File:20131119_211021.jpg|thumb|256px|A broken bismuth hopper crystal, showing iridescence.]]
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{{Infobox element
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'''Bismuth''' is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a post-transition metal, grey and dense. This metal is known to be among the least toxic heavy metals.
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Bismuth
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|symbol=Bi
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce ref=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=Wismuth
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance=Silvery solid, often with rainbow layer of bismuth oxide.
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=[[Antimony|Sb]]
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|below=Mc
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|left=[[Lead]]
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|right=Polonium
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|number=83
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|atomic mass=208.98040
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass ref=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=
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|series ref=
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|series comment=
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|series color=
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|group=15
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|group ref=
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|group comment=
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|period=6
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=p
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> 6p<sup>3</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery, rainbow when oxidized.
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=544.7
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|melting point C=271.5
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|melting point F=520.7
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=1837
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|boiling point C=1564
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|boiling point F=2847
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|boiling point ref=
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|boiling point comment=
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|sublimation point F=
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|sublimation point ref=
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|sublimation point comment=
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|density gplstp=9.78 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gplstp comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt=
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|density gpcm3nrt ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=
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|density gpcm3mp=10.05
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|density gpcm3mp ref=
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|density gpcm3mp comment=
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|density gpcm3bp=
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|density gpcm3bp ref=
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|density gpcm3bp comment=
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|molar volume ref=
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|molar volume comment=
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point ref=
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|triple point comment=
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|triple point K 2=
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|triple point kPa 2=
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|triple point 2 comment=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|critical point ref=
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|critical point comment=
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|heat fusion=11.30
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion comment=
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|heat fusion 2=
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|heat fusion 2 ref=
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|heat fusion 2 comment=
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|heat vaporization=179
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|heat vaporization ref=
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|heat vaporization comment=
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|heat capacity=25.52
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|heat capacity ref=
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|heat capacity comment=
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 ref=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=941
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|vapor pressure 10=1041
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|vapor pressure 100=1165
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|vapor pressure 1 k=1325
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|vapor pressure 10 k=1538
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|vapor pressure 100 k=1835
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure comment=
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 ref=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states=5, 4, '''3''', 2, 1, −1, −2, −3
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=(a mildly acidic oxide)
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|electronegativity=2.02
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1=703
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1610
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=2466
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=156
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=148±4
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=207
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|Van der Waals radius ref=
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|Van der Waals radius comment=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure prefix=
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|crystal structure ref=
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|crystal structure comment= Rhomboedral
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 prefix=
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|crystal structure 2 ref=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound ref=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=1790
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=
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|thermal expansion at 25=13.4
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
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|thermal conductivity=7.97
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity comment=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|electrical resistivity=
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|electrical resistivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 0=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 20=1.29·10<sup>-6</sup>
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|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=
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|band gap=
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|band gap ref=
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|band gap comment=
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|Curie point K=
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|Curie point ref=
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|Curie point comment=
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|magnetic ordering=Diamagnetic
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|magnetic ordering comment=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=32
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=
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|Shear modulus=12
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=
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|Bulk modulus=31
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=
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|Poisson ratio=0.33
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=
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|Mohs hardness=2.25
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|Mohs hardness ref=
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|Mohs hardness comment=
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|Mohs hardness 2=
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
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|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
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|Vickers hardness=
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|Vickers hardness ref=
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=70–95
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|Brinell hardness comment=
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|CAS number=7440-69-9
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|CAS number ref=
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|CAS number comment=
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<!-- History -->
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|naming=
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date ref=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by=Claude François Geoffroy
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|discovery date ref=
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|discovery date=1753
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|first isolation by=
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|first isolation date=
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|discovery and first isolation by=
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|named by=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
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|isotopes=
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|engvar=
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}}
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'''Bismuth''' is a chemical element with symbol '''Bi''' and atomic number 83. It is a post-transition metal, grey and dense. This metal is known to be among the least toxic heavy metals. Bismuth-209 is currently known as isotope with longest decay half-time of all radioactive elements calculated to be (1.9 +/- 0.2 ) x 10<sup>19</sup>years, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of 4.6 x 10<sup>19</sup>years.<ref>http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2003/apr/23/bismuth-breaks-half-life-record-for-alpha-decay</ref>
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
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:2 Bi + 6 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → 6 H<sub>2</sub>O + Bi<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 SO<sub>2</sub>
 
:2 Bi + 6 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → 6 H<sub>2</sub>O + Bi<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 SO<sub>2</sub>
  
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Bismuth reacts with halogens to produce bismuth halides. Unlike [[bismuth trifluoride]] and [[bismuth triiodide]], [[bismuth trichloride]] and [[bismuth pentafluoride]] rapidly hydrolyse in moist air and water. Bismuth will react with most acids, but [[oxygen]] or [[hydrogen peroxide]] has to be present to oxidize the metal.
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Bismuth reacts with halogens to produce bismuth halides. Unlike [[bismuth trifluoride]] and [[bismuth triiodide]], [[bismuth chloride|bismuth trichloride]] and [[bismuth pentafluoride]] rapidly hydrolyse in moist air and water. Bismuth will react with most acids, but [[oxygen]] or [[hydrogen peroxide]] has to be present to oxidize the metal.
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Bismuth, especially when powdered, will readily react with concentrated nitric acid to give a solution of bismuth nitrate and oxides of nitrogen, although heating might be required to archieve complete dissolution.
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When bismuth chloride or bismuth nitrate solutions are diluted, they hydrolyze and form insoluble precipitates of bismuth oxychloride and bismuth oxynitrate respectivly.
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When an iodide solution is added to a solution of bismuth, first black bismuth(III) iodide precipitates which redissolves in an excess of iodide to form orange tetraiodobismuthate(III).
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
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Bismuth is a brittle white-silver metal in its pure form. It will oxidize in air to form an iridescent hue, under certain circumstances, showing many colors from yellow to blue. It has the lowest thermal conductivity of all known metals and it is the most diamagnetic pure element. Similar to antimony, gallium, germanium and silicon, bismuth is denser in the liquid phase than the solid (like ice), expanding 3.32% on solidification.
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Bismuth is a brittle white-silvery metal in its pure form. It will oxidize in air to form an iridescent hue, under certain circumstances, showing many colors from yellow to blue. It has the lowest thermal conductivity of all known metals and it is the most diamagnetic pure element. Small samples of bismuth metal can levitate in the presence of strong magnetic fields. Similar to antimony, gallium, germanium and silicon, bismuth is denser in the liquid phase than the solid (like ice), expanding 3.32% on solidification.
  
 
==Availability==
 
==Availability==
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Some of its compounds, such as [[bismuth chloride]] will hydrolyze in moist air and is corrosive to skin, so protection is required when handling the compound.
 
Some of its compounds, such as [[bismuth chloride]] will hydrolyze in moist air and is corrosive to skin, so protection is required when handling the compound.
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Bismuth is ''technically'' radioactive; its naturally occurring isotope bismuth-209 is not fully stable. But its half-life is so high and radioactivity so low that it can be considered stable for all intents and purposes. It does not pose a radioactive hazard.
  
 
===Storage===
 
===Storage===
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===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===
 
It's best to try to recycle the bismuth and avoid dumping it in the environment.
 
It's best to try to recycle the bismuth and avoid dumping it in the environment.
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==Gallery==
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<gallery widths="200" position="center" columns="4" orientation="none">
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Bismuth_nitrate_pentahydrate.jpg|A 3 mm long crystal of bismuth nitrate pentahydrate under the microscope
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Bismuth_oxynitrate.jpg|When a solution of bismuth nitrate is diluted, bismuth oxynitrate precipitates
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Tetraiodobismuthate.jpg|Bimuth solutions complex with excess iodide to orange tetraiodobismuthate
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</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
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*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=65401 Making bismuth crystals, but they won't oxidize.]
  
 
[[Category:Elements]]
 
[[Category:Elements]]
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[[Category:Poor metals]]
 
[[Category:Poor metals]]
 
[[Category:P-block]]
 
[[Category:P-block]]
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[[Category:Radioactives]]
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[[Category:Chemicals for crystal growing]]
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[[Category:Minerals]]

Latest revision as of 22:07, 19 October 2020

Bismuth,  83Bi
20131119 211021.jpg
General properties
Name, symbol Bismuth, Bi
Alternative name Wismuth
Appearance Silvery solid, often with rainbow layer of bismuth oxide.
Bismuth in the periodic table
Sb
↑
Bi
↓
Mc
Lead ← Bismuth → Polonium
Atomic number 83
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 208.98040
Group, block , p-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
per shell
 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
Physical properties
Silvery, rainbow when oxidized.
Phase Solid
Melting point 544.7 K ​(271.5 °C, ​520.7 °F)
Boiling point 1837 K ​(1564 °C, ​2847 °F)
Density at  (0 °C and 101.325 kPa) 9.78 g/cm3 g/L
when liquid, at  10.05 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 11.30 kJ/mol
Heat of 179 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 25.52 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 ​(a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.02
energies 1st: 703 kJ/mol
2nd: 1610 kJ/mol
3rd: 2466 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 156 pm
Covalent radius 148±4 pm
Van der Waals radius 207 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Rhomboedral
Speed of sound thin rod 1790 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 13.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 7.97 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 1.29·10-6 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering Diamagnetic
Young's modulus 32 GPa
Shear modulus 12 GPa
Bulk modulus 31 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.33
Mohs hardness 2.25
Brinell hardness 70–95 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-69-9
History
Discovery Claude François Geoffroy (1753)
· references

Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a post-transition metal, grey and dense. This metal is known to be among the least toxic heavy metals. Bismuth-209 is currently known as isotope with longest decay half-time of all radioactive elements calculated to be (1.9 +/- 0.2 ) x 1019years, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of 4.6 x 1019years.[1]

Properties

Chemical

Bismuth is stable to both dry and moist air at ordinary temperatures. When red-hot, it reacts with water to make bismuth trioxide[2].

2 Bi + 3 H2O → Bi2O3 + 3 H2

Bismuth dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to make bismuth(III) sulfate and sulfur dioxide.

2 Bi + 6 H2SO4 → 6 H2O + Bi2(SO4)3 + 3 SO2

Bismuth reacts with halogens to produce bismuth halides. Unlike bismuth trifluoride and bismuth triiodide, bismuth trichloride and bismuth pentafluoride rapidly hydrolyse in moist air and water. Bismuth will react with most acids, but oxygen or hydrogen peroxide has to be present to oxidize the metal.

Bismuth, especially when powdered, will readily react with concentrated nitric acid to give a solution of bismuth nitrate and oxides of nitrogen, although heating might be required to archieve complete dissolution.

When bismuth chloride or bismuth nitrate solutions are diluted, they hydrolyze and form insoluble precipitates of bismuth oxychloride and bismuth oxynitrate respectivly.

When an iodide solution is added to a solution of bismuth, first black bismuth(III) iodide precipitates which redissolves in an excess of iodide to form orange tetraiodobismuthate(III).

Physical

Bismuth is a brittle white-silvery metal in its pure form. It will oxidize in air to form an iridescent hue, under certain circumstances, showing many colors from yellow to blue. It has the lowest thermal conductivity of all known metals and it is the most diamagnetic pure element. Small samples of bismuth metal can levitate in the presence of strong magnetic fields. Similar to antimony, gallium, germanium and silicon, bismuth is denser in the liquid phase than the solid (like ice), expanding 3.32% on solidification.

Availability

Bismuth is present as bismuth subsalicylate in Pepto-Bismol. It can be extracted from the compound, as shown here.

Large chunks of metal can be bought as Hopper crystals, that display beautiful iridescence.

Bismuth is found in certain electronics, mostly as lead-free solder. The solder that binds the ceramic lid to the CPU appears to be mostly of bismuth, as after melting it and letting it cool in open air it displays the typical iridescence.

Some gun stores advertise shotgun pellets made of bismuth or alloys thereof as "green", or non-toxic ammo, as opposed to lead pellets.

Preparation

Bismuth can be extracted from Pepto-Bismol, by adding acid and then reducing the metal with either aluminium or other reducing metal.

Projects

  • Making bismuth crystals
  • Levitation with magnets

Handling

Safety

Unlike it's surrounding metals (lead, antimony, polonium), bismuth and bismuth compounds have low toxicity. Overexposure to bismuth, however, can result in the formation of a black deposit on the gums, known as a "bismuth line".

Some of its compounds, such as bismuth chloride will hydrolyze in moist air and is corrosive to skin, so protection is required when handling the compound.

Bismuth is technically radioactive; its naturally occurring isotope bismuth-209 is not fully stable. But its half-life is so high and radioactivity so low that it can be considered stable for all intents and purposes. It does not pose a radioactive hazard.

Storage

Bismuth does not require special storage. Hopper crystals can be displayed on any shelf or table.

Disposal

It's best to try to recycle the bismuth and avoid dumping it in the environment.

Gallery

  • A 3 mm long crystal of bismuth nitrate pentahydrate under the microscope

  • When a solution of bismuth nitrate is diluted, bismuth oxynitrate precipitates

  • Bimuth solutions complex with excess iodide to orange tetraiodobismuthate

References

  1. ↑ http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2003/apr/23/bismuth-breaks-half-life-record-for-alpha-decay
  2. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

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