Difference between revisions of "Gadolinium"

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'''Gadolinium''' is a [[lanthanide]] with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64.
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{{Stub}}
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{{Infobox element
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Gadolinium
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|symbol=Gd
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce ref=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance=Silvery white
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=-
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|below=Cm
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|left=[[Europium]]
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|right=[[Terbium]]
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|number=64
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|atomic mass=157.25(3)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass ref=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=
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|series ref=
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|series comment=
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|series color=
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|group=
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|group ref=
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|group comment=
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|period=6
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=f
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>7</sup> 5d<sup>1</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery-white
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=1585
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|melting point C=1312
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|melting point F=2394
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=3273
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|boiling point C=3000
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|boiling point F=5432
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|boiling point ref=
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|boiling point comment=
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|sublimation point F=
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|sublimation point ref=
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|sublimation point comment=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gplstp comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt=7.90
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|density gpcm3nrt ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3=
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|density gpcm3mp=7.4
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|density gpcm3mp ref=
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|density gpcm3mp comment=
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|density gpcm3bp=
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|density gpcm3bp ref=
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|density gpcm3bp comment=
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|molar volume ref=
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|molar volume comment=
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point ref=
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|triple point comment=
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|triple point K 2=
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|triple point kPa 2=
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|triple point 2 ref=
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|triple point 2 comment=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|critical point ref=
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|critical point comment=
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|heat fusion=10.05
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion comment=
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|heat fusion 2=
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|heat fusion 2 ref=
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|heat fusion 2 comment=
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|heat vaporization=301.3
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|heat vaporization ref=
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|heat vaporization comment=
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|heat capacity=37.03
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|heat capacity ref=
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|heat capacity comment=
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 ref=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=1836
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|vapor pressure 10=2028
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|vapor pressure 100=2267
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|vapor pressure 1 k=2573
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|vapor pressure 10 k=2976
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|vapor pressure 100 k=3535
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure comment=
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 ref=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states=1, 2, '''3'''
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=(a mildly basic oxide)
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|electronegativity=1.20
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1=593.4
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1170
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=1990
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=180
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=196±6
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=
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|Van der Waals radius ref=
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|Van der Waals radius comment=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure prefix=
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|crystal structure ref=
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|crystal structure comment= Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 prefix=
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|crystal structure 2 ref=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound ref=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=2680
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=9.4
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=(α poly, at 100 °C)
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|thermal expansion at 25=
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
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|thermal conductivity=10.6
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity comment=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
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|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
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|thermal diffusivity=
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|thermal diffusivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity=1.31·10<sup>-6</sup>
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|electrical resistivity unit prefix=
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|electrical resistivity ref=
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|electrical resistivity comment=(α, poly)
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|electrical resistivity at 0=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 20=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
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|band gap=
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|band gap ref=
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|band gap comment=
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|Curie point K=
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|Curie point ref=
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|Curie point comment=
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|magnetic ordering= Ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition at 293.4 K
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|magnetic ordering comment=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=54.8
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Shear modulus= 21.8
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Bulk modulus=37.9
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Poisson ratio=0.259
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=
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|Mohs hardness=
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|Mohs hardness ref=
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|Mohs hardness comment=
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|Mohs hardness 2=
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
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|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
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|Vickers hardness=510–950
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|Vickers hardness ref=
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|Brinell hardness comment=
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|CAS number=7440-54-2
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|CAS number ref=
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|CAS number comment=
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<!-- History -->
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|naming=After the mineral Gadolinite (itself named after Johan Gadolin)
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date ref=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by= Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
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|discovery date ref=
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|discovery date=1880
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|first isolation by= Lecoq de Boisbaudran
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|first isolation date ref=
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|first isolation date=1886
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|discovery and first isolation by=
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|named by=
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|named date ref=
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|named date=
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|history comment label=
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|history comment=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
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|isotopes=
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|isotopes comment=
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|engvar=
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}}
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'''Gadolinium''' is a [[lanthanide]] with the symbol '''Gd''' and atomic number 64.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
 
===Chemical===
 
===Chemical===
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Gadolinium, like all of the lanthanides, is quite electropositive. It dissolves in acids weak and strong without hesitation.
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Gadolinium, like all of the lanthanides, is quite electropositive. It dissolves in acids, weak and strong, without hesitation.
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
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Gadolinium is a silvery metal. At room temperature and above, it is strongly [[paramagnetic]], but below that temperature, it is [[ferromagnetic]].
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Gadolinium is a silvery white metal. At room temperature and above, it is strongly [[paramagnetic]], but below that temperature, it is [[ferromagnetic]].
  
 
==Availability==
 
==Availability==
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==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
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It is possible to produce gadolinium through thermite with lithium metal or electrolysis of anhydrous gadolinium chloride, but this is impractical. Considering the low availability of gadolinium compounds in general, it is more feasible to simply buy the metal.
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It is possible to produce gadolinium through thermite with [[lithium]] metal or electrolysis of anhydrous gadolinium chloride, but this is impractical. Considering the low availability of gadolinium compounds in general, it is more feasible to simply buy the metal.
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
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*Make Gd compounds
 
*Demonstrate the Curie point
 
*Demonstrate the Curie point
  
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===Storage===
 
===Storage===
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In closed bottles away from moisture and any corrosive vapors.
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Gadolinium should be kept in closed bottles away from moisture and any corrosive vapors.
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===
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[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]
 
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]
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[[Category:Air-sensitive materials]]
 
[[Category:F-block]]
 
[[Category:F-block]]

Latest revision as of 18:03, 31 January 2023

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Gadolinium,  64Gd
General properties
Name, symbol Gadolinium, Gd
Appearance Silvery white
Gadolinium in the periodic table
-
↑
Gd
↓
Cm
Europium ← Gadolinium → Terbium
Atomic number 64
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 157.25(3)
Group, block , f-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
per shell
 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
Physical properties
Silvery-white
Phase Solid
Melting point 1585 K ​(1312 °C, ​2394 °F)
Boiling point 3273 K ​(3000 °C, ​5432 °F)
Density near r.t. 7.90 g/cm3
when liquid, at  7.4 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 10.05 kJ/mol
Heat of 301.3 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 37.03 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 1, 2, 3 ​(a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.20
energies 1st: 593.4 kJ/mol
2nd: 1170 kJ/mol
3rd: 1990 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 180 pm
Covalent radius 196±6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod 2680 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 9.4 µm/(m·K) (α poly, at 100 °C)
Thermal conductivity 10.6 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 1.31·10-6 Ω·m (α, poly)
Magnetic ordering Ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition at 293.4 K
Young's modulus 54.8 GPa (α, poly)
Shear modulus 21.8 GPa (α, poly)
Bulk modulus 37.9 GPa (α, poly)
Poisson ratio 0.259
Vickers hardness 510–950 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-54-2
History
Naming After the mineral Gadolinite (itself named after Johan Gadolin)
Discovery Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1880)
First isolation Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886)
· references

Gadolinium is a lanthanide with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64.

Properties

Chemical

Gadolinium, like all of the lanthanides, is quite electropositive. It dissolves in acids, weak and strong, without hesitation.

Physical

Gadolinium is a silvery white metal. At room temperature and above, it is strongly paramagnetic, but below that temperature, it is ferromagnetic.

Availability

Gadolinium metal can be bought from Metallium.

Preparation

It is possible to produce gadolinium through thermite with lithium metal or electrolysis of anhydrous gadolinium chloride, but this is impractical. Considering the low availability of gadolinium compounds in general, it is more feasible to simply buy the metal.

Projects

  • Make Gd compounds
  • Demonstrate the Curie point

Handling

Safety

Like all of the lanthanides, not much research has gone into their toxicity, though they are all believed to be minimally toxic. Due to the lack of knowledge, care should be taken with gadolinium compounds and gloves should be worn. Gadolinium metal itself poses little health hazard and can be handled by hand safely without the risk of poisoning or damaging the sample.

Storage

Gadolinium should be kept in closed bottles away from moisture and any corrosive vapors.

Disposal

Best to try to recycle it.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

No threads so far. Why not make one?

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