Difference between revisions of "Tin"

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'''Tin''' ('''stannum''' in Latin) is a chemical element with symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
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{{Infobox element
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Main ore of Tin is mineral [[Tin dioxide|cassiterite]].Elemental tin occurs in nature too, but is very rare.
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Tin
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|symbol=Sn
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce ref=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=Stannum
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=Alpha, α (gray); Beta, β (white)
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|appearance=Silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α)
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=[[Germanium|Ge]]
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|below=[[Lead|Pb]]
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|left=[[Indium]]
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|right=[[Antimony]]
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|number=50
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|atomic mass=118.710(7)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass ref=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=
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|series ref=
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|series comment=
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|series color=
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|group=14
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|group ref=
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|group comment=(carbon group)
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|period=5
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=p
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Kr] 4d<sup>10</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup> 5p<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 18, 4
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery-white or gray
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=505.08
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|melting point C=231.93
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|melting point F=449.47
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=2875
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|boiling point C=2602
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|boiling point F=4716
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|boiling point ref=
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|boiling point comment=
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|sublimation point F=
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|sublimation point ref=
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|sublimation point comment=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gplstp comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt=7.265
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|density gpcm3nrt ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt comment=(white, β)
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|density gpcm3nrt 2=5.769
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|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=(gray, α)
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|density gpcm3nrt 3=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=
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|density gpcm3mp=6.99
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|density gpcm3mp ref=
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|density gpcm3mp comment=
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|density gpcm3bp=
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|density gpcm3bp ref=
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|density gpcm3bp comment=
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|molar volume ref=
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|molar volume comment=
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point ref=
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|triple point comment=
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|triple point K 2=
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|triple point kPa 2=
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|triple point 2 ref=
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|triple point 2 comment=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|critical point ref=
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|critical point comment=
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|heat fusion=7.03
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion comment=(white, β)
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|heat fusion 2=
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|heat fusion 2 ref=
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|heat fusion 2 comment=
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|heat vaporization=296.1
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|heat vaporization ref=
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|heat vaporization comment=(white, β)
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|heat capacity=27.112
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|heat capacity ref=
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|heat capacity comment=(white, β)
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 ref=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=1497
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|vapor pressure 10=1657
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|vapor pressure 100=1855
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|vapor pressure 1 k=2107
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|vapor pressure 10 k=2438
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|vapor pressure 100 k=2893
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure comment=
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 ref=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states='''4''', 3, '''2''', 1, −1, −2, −3, '''−4'''
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=(an amphoteric oxide)
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|electronegativity=1.96
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1=708.6
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1411.8
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=2943.0
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=140
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=139±4
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=217
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|Van der Waals radius ref=
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|Van der Waals radius comment=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure prefix=
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|crystal structure ref=
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|crystal structure comment=Tetragonal<br>white (β)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 prefix=
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|crystal structure 2 ref=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=Face-centered diamond-cubic<br>gray (α)
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound ref=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=2730
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=(rolled)
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|thermal expansion=
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=
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|thermal expansion at 25=22.0
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
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|thermal conductivity=66.8
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity comment=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
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|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
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|thermal diffusivity=
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|thermal diffusivity ref=
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|thermal diffusivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity=
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|electrical resistivity unit prefix=
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|electrical resistivity ref=
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|electrical resistivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 0=1.15·10<sup>-7</sup>
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 20=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=
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|band gap=
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|band gap ref=
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|band gap comment=
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|Curie point K=
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|Curie point ref=
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|Curie point comment=
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|magnetic ordering=Diamagnetic (gray, α)<br>Paramagnetic (white, β)
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|magnetic ordering comment=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=50
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=
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|Shear modulus=18
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=
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|Bulk modulus=58
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=
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|Poisson ratio=0.36
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=
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|Mohs hardness=
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|Mohs hardness ref=
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|Mohs hardness comment=
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|Mohs hardness 2=
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
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|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
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|Vickers hardness=
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|Vickers hardness ref=
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=50–440
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|Brinell hardness comment=
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|CAS number=7440-31-5
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|CAS number ref=
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|CAS number comment=
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<!-- History -->
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|naming=
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date ref=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by=Around 3500 BC
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|discovery date ref=
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|discovery date=
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|first isolation by=
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|first isolation date ref=
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|first isolation date=
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|discovery and first isolation by=
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|named by=
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|named date ref=
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|named date=
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|history comment label=
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|history comment=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
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|isotopes=
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|isotopes comment=
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|engvar=
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}}
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'''Tin''' ('''stannum''' in Latin) is a chemical element with symbol '''Sn''' and atomic number 50.
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Main ore of tin is mineral [[Tin(IV)  oxide|cassiterite]]. Elemental tin occurs in nature too, but is very rare.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
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===Physical===
 
===Physical===
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Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal. When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as "tin cry" can be heard due to the twinning of the crystals. Tin melts at 232 °C, property that allows him to be used in solders. Tin consists of two allotrope forms:
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Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal. When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as "tin cry" can be heard due to the twinning of the crystals. Tin melts at 232 °C, property that allows it to be used in solders. Tin consists of two allotrope forms:
 
*'''β-tin''': also known as '''white tin''', it's the standard metallic form, which is stable at and above room temperature. It is malleable and ductile. Its crystalline form is tetragonal.
 
*'''β-tin''': also known as '''white tin''', it's the standard metallic form, which is stable at and above room temperature. It is malleable and ductile. Its crystalline form is tetragonal.
 
*'''α-tin''': also known as '''gray tin''', it's the nonmetallic form of tin which is stable below 13.2 °C. Gray tin is brittle and has a diamond cubic crystal structure, similar to diamond, [[silicon]] or [[germanium]]. α-tin has no metallic properties at all because its atoms form a covalent structure where electrons cannot move freely.
 
*'''α-tin''': also known as '''gray tin''', it's the nonmetallic form of tin which is stable below 13.2 °C. Gray tin is brittle and has a diamond cubic crystal structure, similar to diamond, [[silicon]] or [[germanium]]. α-tin has no metallic properties at all because its atoms form a covalent structure where electrons cannot move freely.
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==Availability==
 
==Availability==
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Tin is available at electronic stores as solder, that contains >90% tin with traces of other metals, such as copper or bismuth. Older solders tend to contain lead. Bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin is a poorer source, as only 12-30% is tin. Older dishes were made of pewter, that contains 85-99% tin.
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Tin is available at electronic stores as solder, that contains >90% tin with traces of other metals, such as copper or bismuth. Older solders tend to contain [[lead]]. Bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin is a poorer source, as only 12-30% is tin. Older dishes were made of pewter, that contains 85-99% tin.
  
 
Pure tin can be bought as ingots or bars from [http://www.rotometals.com/Tin-Ingot-s/27.htm Rotometals], at around 19.66$ per pound.
 
Pure tin can be bought as ingots or bars from [http://www.rotometals.com/Tin-Ingot-s/27.htm Rotometals], at around 19.66$ per pound.
  
 
==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
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Tin can be prepared by reducing its oxide with carbon at 1200°C.
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Tin can be prepared by reducing tin oxides ([[tin(II) oxide]] or [[tin(IV) oxide]]) with [[carbon]] at 1200°C. Since tin metal boils at 2600 °C, very little metal will be evaporated during the reduction.
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 +
:2 SnO + C → 2 Sn + CO<sub>2</sub>
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:2 SnO<sub>2</sub> + C → Sn + CO<sub>2</sub>
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
 
*[[Tin(II) chloride]] synthesis
 
*[[Tin(II) chloride]] synthesis
 
*[[Tin(IV) chloride]] sunthesis
 
*[[Tin(IV) chloride]] sunthesis
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*Tin plating
  
 
==Handling==
 
==Handling==
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===Storage===
 
===Storage===
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Tin should be stored in closed bottles. If you want to avoid forming the α form, it should be kept at room temperature.
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Tin should be stored in closed bottles. If you want to avoid forming the α form, it should be kept at room temperature. Tin alloys do not suffer from this problem.
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===

Latest revision as of 18:08, 27 May 2018

Tin,  50Sn
General properties
Name, symbol Tin, Sn
Alternative name Stannum
Allotropes Alpha, α (gray); Beta, β (white)
Appearance Silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α)
Tin in the periodic table
Ge
↑
Sn
↓
Pb
Indium ← Tin → Antimony
Atomic number 50
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 118.710(7)
Group, block (carbon group); p-block
Period period 5
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
per shell
 2, 8, 18, 18, 4
Physical properties
Silvery-white or gray
Phase Solid
Melting point 505.08 K ​(231.93 °C, ​449.47 °F)
Boiling point 2875 K ​(2602 °C, ​4716 °F)
Density near r.t. 7.265 g/cm3 (white, β)
5.769 g/cm3 (gray, α)
when liquid, at  6.99 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 7.03 kJ/mol (white, β)
Heat of 296.1 kJ/mol (white, β)
Molar heat capacity 27.112 J/(mol·K) (white, β)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.96
energies 1st: 708.6 kJ/mol
2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol
3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius 139±4 pm
Van der Waals radius 217 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Tetragonal
white (β)
Crystal structure ​Face-centered diamond-cubic
gray (α)
Speed of sound thin rod 2730 m/s (at ) (rolled)
Thermal expansion 22.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 66.8 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 1.15·10-7 Ω·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering Diamagnetic (gray, α)
Paramagnetic (white, β)
Young's modulus 50 GPa
Shear modulus 18 GPa
Bulk modulus 58 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.36
Brinell hardness 50–440 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-31-5
History
Discovery Around 3500 BC
· references

Tin (stannum in Latin) is a chemical element with symbol Sn and atomic number 50. Main ore of tin is mineral cassiterite. Elemental tin occurs in nature too, but is very rare.

Properties

Chemical

Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. In this case the formation of a protective oxide layer is used to prevent further oxidation.

Physical

Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal. When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as "tin cry" can be heard due to the twinning of the crystals. Tin melts at 232 °C, property that allows it to be used in solders. Tin consists of two allotrope forms:

  • β-tin: also known as white tin, it's the standard metallic form, which is stable at and above room temperature. It is malleable and ductile. Its crystalline form is tetragonal.
  • α-tin: also known as gray tin, it's the nonmetallic form of tin which is stable below 13.2 °C. Gray tin is brittle and has a diamond cubic crystal structure, similar to diamond, silicon or germanium. α-tin has no metallic properties at all because its atoms form a covalent structure where electrons cannot move freely.

Commercial grades of tin (99.8%) resist transformation of β-tin into α-tin because of the inhibiting effect of the small amounts of other metals such as bismuth, antimony, lead or silver present.

Availability

Tin is available at electronic stores as solder, that contains >90% tin with traces of other metals, such as copper or bismuth. Older solders tend to contain lead. Bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin is a poorer source, as only 12-30% is tin. Older dishes were made of pewter, that contains 85-99% tin.

Pure tin can be bought as ingots or bars from Rotometals, at around 19.66$ per pound.

Preparation

Tin can be prepared by reducing tin oxides (tin(II) oxide or tin(IV) oxide) with carbon at 1200°C. Since tin metal boils at 2600 °C, very little metal will be evaporated during the reduction.

2 SnO + C → 2 Sn + CO2
2 SnO2 + C → Sn + CO2

Projects

Handling

Safety

Tin has little toxicity, as most of its compounds. Organotin compounds however as know to be as toxic as cyanide.

Storage

Tin should be stored in closed bottles. If you want to avoid forming the α form, it should be kept at room temperature. Tin alloys do not suffer from this problem.

Disposal

Tin should be taken to metal recycling centers.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

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