Difference between revisions of "Dysprosium"

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{{Infobox element
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Dysprosium
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|symbol=Dy
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance=Silvery white
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=
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|below=Cf
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|left=[[Terbium]]
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|right=[[Holmium]]
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|number=66
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|atomic mass=162.500(1)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|series=
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|series color=
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|group=
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|group comment=
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|period=6
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=f
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery-white
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=1680
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|melting point C=1407
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|melting point F=​2565
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=2840
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|boiling point C=2562
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|boiling point F=4653
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt=8.54
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|density gpcm3mp=8.37
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point K 2=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|heat fusion=11.06
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion comment=
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|heat vaporization=280
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|heat capacity=27.7
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|heat capacity comment=
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|heat capacity 2=
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|vapor pressure 1=1378
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|vapor pressure 10=1523
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|vapor pressure 100=(1704)
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|vapor pressure 1 k=(1954)
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|vapor pressure 10 k=(2304)
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|vapor pressure 100 k=(2831)
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states=4, '''3''', 2, 1
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=​(a weakly basic oxide)
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|electronegativity=1.22
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1= 573
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1130
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=2200
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=178
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=192±7
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure comment= Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=2710
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=9.9
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=(α, poly)
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|thermal expansion at 25=
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal conductivity=10.7
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|electrical resistivity at 0=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 20=926·10<sup>-9</sup>
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|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=(α, poly)
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|band gap=
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|Curie point K=
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|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=61.4
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Shear modulus=24.7
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Bulk modulus=40.5
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Poisson ratio=0.247
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=(α, poly)
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|Mohs hardness=
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|Vickers hardness=410–550
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=500–1050
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|CAS number=7429-91-6
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<!-- History -->
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by=Lecoq de Boisbaudran
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|discovery date=1886
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|first isolation by=
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|named by=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
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|isotopes=
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|engvar=
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}}
 
'''Dysprosium''' is a chemical element with the symbol '''Dy''' and atomic number 66. It is a silvery metal that is very slightly magnetic.
 
'''Dysprosium''' is a chemical element with the symbol '''Dy''' and atomic number 66. It is a silvery metal that is very slightly magnetic.
  

Revision as of 20:35, 14 October 2017

Dysprosium,  66Dy
General properties
Name, symbol Dysprosium, Dy
Appearance Silvery white
Dysprosium in the periodic table

↑
Dy
↓
Cf
Terbium ← Dysprosium → Holmium
Atomic number 66
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 162.500(1)
Group, block , f-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f10 6s2
per shell
 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
Physical properties
Silvery-white
Phase Solid
Melting point 1680 K ​(1407 °C, ​​2565 °F)
Boiling point 2840 K ​(2562 °C, ​4653 °F)
Density near r.t. 8.54 g/cm3
when liquid, at  8.37 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 11.06 kJ/mol
Heat of 280 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 27.7 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 4, 3, 2, 1 ​​(a weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.22
energies 1st: 573 kJ/mol
2nd: 1130 kJ/mol
3rd: 2200 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 178 pm
Covalent radius 192±7 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod 2710 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 9.9 µm/(m·K) (α, poly)
Thermal conductivity 10.7 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 926·10-9 Ω·m (at 20 °C) (α, poly)
Magnetic ordering Paramagnetic
Young's modulus 61.4 GPa (α, poly)
Shear modulus 24.7 GPa (α, poly)
Bulk modulus 40.5 GPa (α, poly)
Poisson ratio 0.247 (α, poly)
Vickers hardness 410–550 MPa
Brinell hardness 500–1050 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7429-91-6
History
Discovery Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886)
· references

Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a silvery metal that is very slightly magnetic.

Properties

Chemical

Dysprosium metal burns readily to form dysprosium(III) oxide:

4 Dy + 3 O2 → 2 Dy2O3

Dysprosium metal will slowly react with water, and far more quickly with mineral acids, at room temperature to release hydrogen:

2 Dy + 6 H2O → 2 Dy(OH)3 + 3 H2

However, dysprosium dissolves only slowly in sulfamic acid and citric acid, even when concentrated.

Physical

Dysprosium is a silvery lanthanide metal. It is soft enough to be scratched with a knife (though cutting it with a knife is time-consuming), and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium and holmium have the highest magnetic strengths of the elements, especially at low temperatures. When cooled with liquid nitrogen, the metal turns ferromagnetic from its usual strong paramagnetic state.

Most dysprosium salts are highly paramagnetic. Some are also fluorescent.

Availability

Dysprosium is readily available from source such as Metallium and eBay. United Nuclear also sells metallic dysprosium, at 30 $/10g. It is not cheap, but it is less expensive than gold or other precious metals.

Preparation

Metallic dysprosium can be prepared by reducing dysprosium halides with calcium or lithium. However, it is far more feasible to just buy the metal.

Projects

  • Dysprosium nitrate
  • Make yellow fluorescent salts
  • Dysprosium phthalate coordination polymer?

Handling

Safety

Dysprosium will react with water to produce hydrogen, which is flammable. Soluble dysprosium salts, such as dysprosium chloride and dysprosium nitrate, are mildly toxic when ingested. The insoluble salts, however, are non-toxic. Dysprosium fires require a class D fire extinguisher. Water may aggravate dysprosium fires or cause a hydrogen explosion.

Storage

Dysprosium can be stored in air indefinitely without any significant corrosion, likely due to passivation. Argon and mineral oil can be used to store it for very long periods of time. Water, acids, and any metal cleaning agent will tarnish dysprosium.

Disposal

As dysprosium is expensive, it's best to try to recycle it.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

No threads so far. Why not make one?

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