Difference between revisions of "Tellurium"
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| − | '''Tellurium''' is the element with symbol '''Te''' and atomic number 52. | + | {{Infobox element |
| + | <!-- top --> | ||
| + | |image name=Tellurium2.jpg | ||
| + | |image alt= | ||
| + | |image size= | ||
| + | |image name comment=Metallic tellurium, diameter 3.5 cm | ||
| + | |image name 2= | ||
| + | |image alt 2= | ||
| + | |image size 2= | ||
| + | |image name 2 comment= | ||
| + | <!-- General properties --> | ||
| + | |name=Tellurium | ||
| + | |symbol=Te | ||
| + | |pronounce= | ||
| + | |pronounce ref= | ||
| + | |pronounce comment= | ||
| + | |pronounce 2= | ||
| + | |alt name= | ||
| + | |alt names= | ||
| + | |allotropes= | ||
| + | |appearance=silvery lustrous gray (crystalline), | ||
| + | brown-black powder (amorphous) | ||
| + | <!-- Periodic table --> | ||
| + | |above=selenium | ||
| + | |below=polonium | ||
| + | |left=antimony | ||
| + | |right=iodine | ||
| + | |number=52 | ||
| + | |atomic mass=127.6 | ||
| + | |atomic mass 2= | ||
| + | |atomic mass ref= | ||
| + | |atomic mass comment= | ||
| + | |series= | ||
| + | |series ref= | ||
| + | |series comment= | ||
| + | |series color= | ||
| + | |group=16 | ||
| + | |group ref= | ||
| + | |group comment= | ||
| + | |period=4 | ||
| + | |period ref= | ||
| + | |period comment= | ||
| + | |block= | ||
| + | |block ref= | ||
| + | |block comment= | ||
| + | |electron configuration=[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 | ||
| + | |electron configuration ref= | ||
| + | |electron configuration comment= | ||
| + | |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 18, 6 | ||
| + | |electrons per shell ref= | ||
| + | |electrons per shell comment= | ||
| + | <!-- Physical properties --> | ||
| + | |physical properties comment= | ||
| + | |color=silvery-gray | ||
| + | |phase=solid | ||
| + | |phase ref= | ||
| + | |phase comment= | ||
| + | |melting point K=722.66 | ||
| + | |melting point C= | ||
| + | |melting point F= | ||
| + | |melting point ref= | ||
| + | |melting point comment= | ||
| + | |boiling point K=1261 | ||
| + | |boiling point C= | ||
| + | |boiling point F= | ||
| + | |boiling point ref= | ||
| + | |boiling point comment= | ||
| + | |sublimation point K= | ||
| + | |sublimation point C= | ||
| + | |sublimation point F= | ||
| + | |sublimation point ref= | ||
| + | |sublimation point comment= | ||
| + | |density gplstp= | ||
| + | |density gplstp ref= | ||
| + | |density gplstp comment= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt=6.24 | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt ref= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt comment= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt 2= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt 2 ref= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt 2 comment= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt 3= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3mp=5.70 | ||
| + | |density gpcm3mp ref= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3mp comment= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3bp= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3bp ref= | ||
| + | |density gpcm3bp comment= | ||
| + | |molar volume= | ||
| + | |molar volume unit = | ||
| + | |molar volume ref= | ||
| + | |molar volume comment= | ||
| + | |triple point K= | ||
| + | |triple point kPa= | ||
| + | |triple point ref= | ||
| + | |triple point comment= | ||
| + | |triple point K 2= | ||
| + | |triple point kPa 2= | ||
| + | |triple point 2 ref= | ||
| + | |triple point 2 comment= | ||
| + | |critical point K= | ||
| + | |critical point MPa= | ||
| + | |critical point ref= | ||
| + | |critical point comment= | ||
| + | |heat fusion=17.49 kJ/mol | ||
| + | |heat fusion ref= | ||
| + | |heat fusion comment= | ||
| + | |heat fusion 2= | ||
| + | |heat fusion 2 ref= | ||
| + | |heat fusion 2 comment= | ||
| + | |heat vaporization=114.1 kJ/mol | ||
| + | |heat vaporization ref= | ||
| + | |heat vaporization comment= | ||
| + | |heat capacity=25.73 J/(mol·K) | ||
| + | |heat capacity ref= | ||
| + | |heat capacity comment= | ||
| + | |heat capacity 2= | ||
| + | |heat capacity 2 ref= | ||
| + | |heat capacity 2 comment= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 1= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 10= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 100=(775) | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 1 k=(888) | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 10 k=1042 | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 100 k=1266 | ||
| + | |vapor pressure ref= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure comment= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 1 2= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 10 2= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 100 2= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 1 k 2= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 10 k 2= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 100 k 2= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 2 ref= | ||
| + | |vapor pressure 2 comment= | ||
| + | <!-- Atomic properties --> | ||
| + | |atomic properties comment= | ||
| + | |oxidation states=6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 | ||
| + | |oxidation states ref= | ||
| + | |oxidation states comment=a mildly acidic oxide | ||
| + | |electronegativity=2.1 | ||
| + | |electronegativity ref= | ||
| + | |electronegativity comment= | ||
| + | |ionization energy 1=869.3 kJ/mol | ||
| + | |ionization energy 1 ref= | ||
| + | |ionization energy 1 comment= | ||
| + | |ionization energy 2=1790 kJ/mol | ||
| + | |ionization energy 2 ref= | ||
| + | |ionization energy 2 comment= | ||
| + | |ionization energy 3=2698 kJ/mol | ||
| + | |ionization energy 3 ref= | ||
| + | |ionization energy 3 comment= | ||
| + | |number of ionization energies= | ||
| + | |ionization energy ref= | ||
| + | |ionization energy comment= | ||
| + | |atomic radius=140 pm | ||
| + | |atomic radius ref= | ||
| + | |atomic radius comment= | ||
| + | |atomic radius calculated= | ||
| + | |atomic radius calculated ref= | ||
| + | |atomic radius calculated comment= | ||
| + | |covalent radius=138±4 pm | ||
| + | |covalent radius ref= | ||
| + | |covalent radius comment= | ||
| + | |Van der Waals radius=206 pm | ||
| + | |Van der Waals radius ref= | ||
| + | |Van der Waals radius comment= | ||
| + | <!-- Miscellanea --> | ||
| + | |crystal structure=hexagonal | ||
| + | |crystal structure prefix= | ||
| + | |crystal structure ref= | ||
| + | |crystal structure comment= | ||
| + | |crystal structure 2= | ||
| + | |crystal structure 2 prefix= | ||
| + | |crystal structure 2 ref= | ||
| + | |crystal structure 2 comment= | ||
| + | |speed of sound= | ||
| + | |speed of sound ref= | ||
| + | |speed of sound comment= | ||
| + | |speed of sound rod at 20=2610 m/s | ||
| + | |speed of sound rod at 20 ref= | ||
| + | |speed of sound rod at 20 comment= | ||
| + | |speed of sound rod at r.t.= | ||
| + | |speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | ||
| + | |speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= | ||
| + | |thermal expansion=18 µm/(m·K) | ||
| + | |thermal expansion ref= | ||
| + | |thermal expansion comment= | ||
| + | |thermal expansion at 25= | ||
| + | |thermal expansion at 25 ref= | ||
| + | |thermal expansion at 25 comment= | ||
| + | |thermal conductivity=1.97–3.38 W/(m·K) | ||
| + | |thermal conductivity ref= | ||
| + | |thermal conductivity comment= | ||
| + | |thermal conductivity 2= | ||
| + | |thermal conductivity 2 ref= | ||
| + | |thermal conductivity 2 comment= | ||
| + | |thermal diffusivity= | ||
| + | |thermal diffusivity ref= | ||
| + | |thermal diffusivity comment= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity unit prefix= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity ref= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity comment= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity at 0= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity at 20= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | ||
| + | |electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | ||
| + | |band gap= | ||
| + | |band gap ref= | ||
| + | |band gap comment= | ||
| + | |Curie point K= | ||
| + | |Curie point ref= | ||
| + | |Curie point comment= | ||
| + | |magnetic ordering=diamagnetic | ||
| + | |magnetic ordering ref= | ||
| + | |magnetic ordering comment= | ||
| + | |tensile strength= | ||
| + | |tensile strength ref= | ||
| + | |tensile strength comment= | ||
| + | |Young's modulus= | ||
| + | |Young's modulus ref= | ||
| + | |Young's modulus comment= | ||
| + | |Shear modulus= | ||
| + | |Shear modulus ref= | ||
| + | |Shear modulus comment= | ||
| + | |Bulk modulus= | ||
| + | |Bulk modulus ref= | ||
| + | |Bulk modulus comment= | ||
| + | |Poisson ratio= | ||
| + | |Poisson ratio ref= | ||
| + | |Poisson ratio comment= | ||
| + | |Mohs hardness=2.25 | ||
| + | |Mohs hardness ref= | ||
| + | |Mohs hardness comment= | ||
| + | |Mohs hardness 2= | ||
| + | |Mohs hardness 2 ref= | ||
| + | |Mohs hardness 2 comment= | ||
| + | |Vickers hardness= | ||
| + | |Vickers hardness ref= | ||
| + | |Vickers hardness comment= | ||
| + | |Brinell hardness=180–270 MPa | ||
| + | |Brinell hardness ref= | ||
| + | |Brinell hardness comment= | ||
| + | |CAS number=13494-80-9 | ||
| + | |CAS number ref= | ||
| + | |CAS number comment= | ||
| + | <!-- History --> | ||
| + | |naming=after Roman Tellus, deity of the Earth | ||
| + | |predicted by= | ||
| + | |prediction date ref= | ||
| + | |prediction date= | ||
| + | |discovered by=Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein | ||
| + | |discovery date ref= | ||
| + | |discovery date=1782 | ||
| + | |first isolation by=Martin Heinrich Klaproth | ||
| + | |first isolation date ref= | ||
| + | |first isolation date= | ||
| + | |discovery and first isolation by= | ||
| + | |named by= | ||
| + | |named date ref= | ||
| + | |named date= | ||
| + | |history comment label= | ||
| + | |history comment= | ||
| + | <!-- Isotopes --> | ||
| + | |isotopes=120Te, 122Te, 123Te, 124Te, 125Te, 126Te, 128Te, 130Te | ||
| + | |isotopes comment= | ||
| + | |engvar= | ||
| + | }}'''Tellurium''' is the element with symbol '''Te''' and atomic number 52. | ||
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
=== Chemical === | === Chemical === | ||
Revision as of 23:18, 17 March 2016
 Metallic tellurium, diameter 3.5 cm | |||||||
| General properties | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Tellurium, Te | ||||||
| Appearance |
silvery lustrous gray (crystalline), brown-black powder (amorphous) | ||||||
| Tellurium in the periodic table | |||||||
| |||||||
| Atomic number | 52 | ||||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 127.6 | ||||||
| Group, block | , -block | ||||||
| Period | period 4 | ||||||
| Electron configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 | ||||||
per shell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 | ||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||
| silvery-gray | |||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||
| Melting point | 722.66 K ( °C, °F) | ||||||
| Boiling point | 1261 K ( °C, °F) | ||||||
| Density near r.t. | 6.24 g/cm3 | ||||||
| when liquid, at | 5.70 g/cm3 | ||||||
| Heat of fusion | 17.49 kJ/mol kJ/mol | ||||||
| Heat of | 114.1 kJ/mol kJ/mol | ||||||
| Molar heat capacity | 25.73 J/(mol·K) J/(mol·K) | ||||||
| pressure | |||||||
| Atomic properties | |||||||
| Oxidation states | 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 a mildly acidic oxide | ||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.1 | ||||||
| energies |
1st: 869.3 kJ/mol kJ/mol 2nd: 1790 kJ/mol kJ/mol 3rd: 2698 kJ/mol kJ/mol | ||||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 140 pm pm | ||||||
| Covalent radius | 138±4 pm pm | ||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 206 pm pm | ||||||
| Miscellanea | |||||||
| Crystal structure | | ||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 2610 m/s m/s (at 20 °C) | ||||||
| Thermal expansion | 18 µm/(m·K) µm/(m·K) | ||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 1.97–3.38 W/(m·K) W/(m·K) | ||||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic | ||||||
| Mohs hardness | 2.25 | ||||||
| Brinell hardness | 180–270 MPa MPa | ||||||
| CAS Registry Number | 13494-80-9 | ||||||
| History | |||||||
| Naming | after Roman Tellus, deity of the Earth | ||||||
| Discovery | Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (1782) | ||||||
| First isolation | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | ||||||
| Most stable isotopes | |||||||
| |||||||
Contents
Properties
Chemical
It is usually found in -2, +2, +4 and +6 oxidation states. It has chemical properties similar to selenium, being dissolved by sulphuric and nitric acid and potassium hydroxide solutions but not in water. It corrodes copper, iron and stainless steel when it's molten. It reacts with oxygen in air, hydrogen and with halogens. It burns with a blueish grey flame. Although being mildly toxic, it is infamous for making you smell really bad so don´t handle it without correct safety equipment.
Physical
Tellurium is a whitish-silvery solid, crystalline element which has a nice, metallic luster. It's a brittle and easily powderized metalloid. It's a good semiconductor, and conductivity increases slightly when exposed to light. It melts at 450 ºC and boils at almost 1000 ºC.
Availability
Tellurium is one of the rarest stable elements on Earth's crust. Applications are scarce, most commonly used in electronics and solar panels. Prices are high and it has few uses for home chemists, in addition to collecting elements.
Production
Tellurium can be prepared by reducing tellurium compounds.
Projects
- Make tellurium dioxide
- Make sodium tellurite
Handling
Safety
Wear appropriate protection when handling it or it's compounds. Certain compounds such as cadmium telluride are highly toxic.
When small amounts are ingested, tellurium and its compounds are metabolized to dimethyl telluride, causing a foul garlic-like odor named "tellurium breath".
Storage
Tellurium should be stored in closed containers.
Disposal
It is best to try to recycle it.
