Difference between revisions of "Nickel"

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{{Infobox element
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'''Nickel''' is a [[transition metal]] with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is well-known as a coinage material due to its corrosion resistance, and is often used to [[Nickel plating|plate objects]]. In solution, it has extensive [[coordination complex|coordination chemistry]], and some interesting [[Redox reaction|redox chemistry]] which is not commonly seen.
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<!-- top -->
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|image name=Nickel_powder.jpg
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|image alt=
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|image size=
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|image name comment=Nickel metal in powdered form
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|image name 2=
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|image alt 2=
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|image size 2=
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|image name 2 comment=
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Nickel
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|symbol=Ni
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce ref=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance= A silvery metal that resists corrosion even at high temperatures.
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=
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|below=[[Palladium|Pd]]
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|left=[[Cobalt]]
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|right=[[Copper]]
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|number=28
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|atomic mass=58.6934(4)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass ref=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=
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|series ref=
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|series comment=
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|series color=
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|group=10
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|group ref=
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|group comment=
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|period=4
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=d
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Ar] 3d<sup>8</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> or
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[Ar] 3d<sup>9</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery metallic
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=1728
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|melting point C=1455
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|melting point F=2651
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=3003
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|boiling point C=2730
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|boiling point F=4946
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|boiling point ref=
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|boiling point comment=
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|sublimation point F=
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|sublimation point ref=
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|sublimation point comment=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gplstp comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt=8.908
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|density gpcm3nrt ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=
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|density gpcm3mp=7.81
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|density gpcm3mp ref=
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|density gpcm3mp comment=
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|density gpcm3bp=
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|density gpcm3bp ref=
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|density gpcm3bp comment=
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|molar volume ref=
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|molar volume comment=
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point ref=
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|triple point comment=
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|triple point K 2=
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|triple point kPa 2=
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|triple point 2 ref=
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|triple point 2 comment=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|critical point ref=
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|critical point comment=
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|heat fusion=17.48
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion comment=
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|heat fusion 2=
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|heat fusion 2 ref=
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|heat fusion 2 comment=
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|heat vaporization=379
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|heat vaporization ref=
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|heat vaporization comment=
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|heat capacity=26.07
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|heat capacity ref=
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|heat capacity comment=
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 ref=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=1783
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|vapor pressure 10=1950
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|vapor pressure 100=2154
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|vapor pressure 1 k=2410
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|vapor pressure 10 k=2741
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|vapor pressure 100 k=3184
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure comment=
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 ref=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states=4, 3, '''2''', 1, -1, -2
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=(a mildly basic oxide)
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|electronegativity=1.91
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1= 737.129
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2= 1753.027
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3= 3395.32
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=8
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius= 124
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=124±4
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=163
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|Van der Waals radius ref=
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|Van der Waals radius comment=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure prefix=
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|crystal structure ref=
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|crystal structure comment= Face-centered cubic (fcc)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 prefix=
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|crystal structure 2 ref=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound ref=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=4900
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=
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|thermal expansion at 25=13.4
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
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|thermal conductivity=90.9
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity comment=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
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|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
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|thermal diffusivity=
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|thermal diffusivity ref=
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|thermal diffusivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity=
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|electrical resistivity unit prefix=
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|electrical resistivity ref=
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|electrical resistivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 0=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 20=6.93·10<sup>-8</sup>
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|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=
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|band gap=
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|band gap ref=
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|band gap comment=
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|Curie point K=
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|Curie point ref=
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|Curie point comment=
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|magnetic ordering=Ferromagnetic
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|magnetic ordering comment=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=200
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=
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|Shear modulus=76
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=
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|Bulk modulus=180
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=
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|Poisson ratio=0.31
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=
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|Mohs hardness=4.0
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|Mohs hardness ref=
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|Mohs hardness comment=
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|Mohs hardness 2=
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
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|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
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|Vickers hardness=638
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|Vickers hardness ref=
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=667–1600
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|Brinell hardness comment=
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|CAS number=7440-02-0
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|CAS number ref=
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|CAS number comment=
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<!-- History -->
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|naming=
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date ref=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by=
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|discovery date ref=
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|discovery date=
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|first isolation by=
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|first isolation date ref=
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|first isolation date=
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|discovery and first isolation by=Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751)
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|named by=
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|named date ref=
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|named date=
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|history comment label=
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|history comment=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
 +
|isotopes=
 +
|isotopes comment=
 +
|engvar=
 +
}}
 +
'''Nickel''' is a [[transition metal]] with the symbol '''Ni''' and atomic number 28. It is well-known as a coinage material due to its corrosion resistance, and is often used to [[Nickel plating|plate objects]]. In solution, it has extensive [[coordination complex|coordination chemistry]], and some interesting [[Redox reaction|redox chemistry]] which is not commonly seen.
 +
 
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
 
===Physical properties===
 
===Physical properties===
 
Nickel is a silvery-white metal that has a slight yellowish tinge. It is one of four elements that is [[Ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] at or near room temperature ([[iron]], [[cobalt]], and [[gadolinium]] being the others). Its [[Curie point|Curie temperature]] is 355 °C, which causes the metal to reversibly become [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]]. It is hard yet ductile.
 
Nickel is a silvery-white metal that has a slight yellowish tinge. It is one of four elements that is [[Ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] at or near room temperature ([[iron]], [[cobalt]], and [[gadolinium]] being the others). Its [[Curie point|Curie temperature]] is 355 °C, which causes the metal to reversibly become [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]]. It is hard yet ductile.
 +
 
===Chemical properties===
 
===Chemical properties===
−
Much of nickel's chemical resistance owes to its [[Passivation|passivation]] in air. It will also passivate in the presence of [[fluorine]], making it an ideal material for handling and storing the gas. It will dissolve only slowly in [[Hydrochloric acid|hydrochloric]] and [[sulfuric acid]]s. In concentrated [[nitric acid]], nickel will not dissolve, but it will dissolve in dilute nitric acid.
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Much of nickel's chemical resistance owes to its [[passivation]] in air. It will also passivate in the presence of [[fluorine]], making it an ideal material for handling and storing the gas. It will dissolve only slowly in [[Hydrochloric acid|hydrochloric]] and [[sulfuric acid]]s. In concentrated [[nitric acid]], nickel will not dissolve, but it will dissolve in dilute nitric acid.
 +
 
 +
Nickel(II) compounds form a hexaaqua complex in water with the formula [Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> and coordinate to many different [[ligand]]s, including chloride, [[ammonia]], and [[ethylenediamine]]. These complexes can be hexacoordinate, tetragonal, or square planar, with square planar complexes such as tetrachloronickelate being [[Diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] rather than paramagnetic.
  
−
Nickel(II) compounds form a hexaaqua complex in water with the formula [Ni(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> and coordinate to many different [[Ligand|ligands]], including [[chloride]], [[ammonia]], and [[ethylenediamine]]. These complexes can be hexacoordinate, tetragonal, or square planar, with square planar complexes such as [[tetrachloronickelate]] being [[Diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] rather than paramagnetic.
 
 
==Availability==
 
==Availability==
−
Nickel is present as the main material in older Canadian nickels. It is also present in US nickels, dimes, and quarters, however, the majority of the metal is [[copper]], with nickel making up anywhere from 9% to 25% of the coin. Destroying coins is illegal however, and heavy fines exist everywhere for breaking this law.
+
Nickel is present as the main material (certified 99.9%) in older Canadian nickels, dating from 1922 to 1942, and older Canadian dimes dating from 1969 to 1999. It is also present in US nickels, dimes, quarters and in 1 and 2 euro coins too. However, the majority of the metal is [[copper]], with nickel making up anywhere from 9% to 25% of the coin. Destroying coins is illegal however, and heavy fines exist everywhere for breaking this law.
 +
 
 +
A good source of nickel is [[Mu-metal]], an alloy containing 77-80% nickel, 16% [[iron]], 5-2% [[copper]] and [[molybdenum]]. This alloy is commonly encountered in the hard drive magnets brackets, which can be extracted from hard disks. As a bonus, they are also nickel plated. Old submarine cables also contain Mu-metal wiring. Cathode tubes are also a source. Chemical extraction is required to separate the nickel. However, many hobby chemists have discovered that the "Mu metal" brackets commonly found in hard drives do not contain any significant amounts of nickel and instead are made of iron/steel. As such, one will have to check the model of the hard drives they take apart, to find only the ones that are known to use actual Mu metal.
  
 
Nickel strips for electroplating can be bought from [http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=168 United Nuclear].
 
Nickel strips for electroplating can be bought from [http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=168 United Nuclear].
 +
 +
Another good source of nickel metal is the Ni200 wire sold in many electronic cigarette stores, as heating wire. The nickel content is 99%.
 +
 +
==Isolation==
 +
Nickel metal can be produced very easily by electrowinning in from a nickel salt solution.
 +
 +
Ultrapure Ni metal can be obtained by careful thermal decomposition of nickel carbonyls, in inert atmosphere, which yields very fine and very pure Ni powder. This route is called the Mond process.
 +
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
 
*[[Nickel plating]]
 
*[[Nickel plating]]
 
*Coordination complexes
 
*Coordination complexes
 
*Building a battery
 
*Building a battery
−
==Safety==
+
*Make [[Raney nickel]]
 +
 
 +
==Handling==
 +
===Safety===
 
Nickel compounds are known to be carcinogens, and are grouped as class 1. Nickel metal is grouped as class 2B (it is a suspected carcinogen). However, it is not regulated by OSHA.
 
Nickel compounds are known to be carcinogens, and are grouped as class 1. Nickel metal is grouped as class 2B (it is a suspected carcinogen). However, it is not regulated by OSHA.
  
 
Some people are allergic to nickel metal and develop an itch or rash when exposed to it (contact dermatitis). If this occurs, wear gloves when handling the metal.
 
Some people are allergic to nickel metal and develop an itch or rash when exposed to it (contact dermatitis). If this occurs, wear gloves when handling the metal.
 +
 +
===Storage===
 +
No special storage is required for bulk nickel. Nickel powder must be stored in closed bottles, away from any ignition source.
 +
 +
===Disposal===
 +
Nickel and its compounds should be taken to disposal facilities.
 +
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=16811 Separation of a US nickel]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15454 how extrac nickel]
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*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=4236 Things to do with Nickel]
 +
 
[[Category:Elements]]
 
[[Category:Elements]]
 
[[Category:Metals]]
 
[[Category:Metals]]
Line 26: Line 326:
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:D-block]]
 
[[Category:D-block]]
 +
[[Category:Carcinogenic]]
 +
[[Category:Allergens]]

Latest revision as of 12:03, 25 June 2023

Nickel,  28Ni
Nickel powder.jpg
Nickel metal in powdered form
General properties
Name, symbol Nickel, Ni
Appearance A silvery metal that resists corrosion even at high temperatures.
Nickel in the periodic table

↑
Ni
↓
Pd
Cobalt ← Nickel → Copper
Atomic number 28
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 58.6934(4)
Group, block , d-block
Period period 4
Electron configuration

[Ar] 3d8 4s2 or

[Ar] 3d9 4s1
per shell
 2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1
Physical properties
Silvery metallic
Phase Solid
Melting point 1728 K ​(1455 °C, ​2651 °F)
Boiling point 3003 K ​(2730 °C, ​4946 °F)
Density near r.t. 8.908 g/cm3
when liquid, at  7.81 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 17.48 kJ/mol
Heat of 379 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 26.07 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2 ​(a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.91
energies 1st: 737.129 kJ/mol
2nd: 1753.027 kJ/mol
3rd: 3395.32 kJ/mol
(more)
Atomic radius empirical: 124 pm
Covalent radius 124±4 pm
Van der Waals radius 163 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod 4900 m/s (at )
Thermal expansion 13.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 90.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 6.93·10-8 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering Ferromagnetic
Young's modulus 200 GPa
Shear modulus 76 GPa
Bulk modulus 180 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.31
Mohs hardness 4.0
Vickers hardness 638 MPa
Brinell hardness 667–1600 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-02-0
Discovery and first isolation Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751)
· references

Nickel is a transition metal with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is well-known as a coinage material due to its corrosion resistance, and is often used to plate objects. In solution, it has extensive coordination chemistry, and some interesting redox chemistry which is not commonly seen.

Properties

Physical properties

Nickel is a silvery-white metal that has a slight yellowish tinge. It is one of four elements that is ferromagnetic at or near room temperature (iron, cobalt, and gadolinium being the others). Its Curie temperature is 355 °C, which causes the metal to reversibly become paramagnetic. It is hard yet ductile.

Chemical properties

Much of nickel's chemical resistance owes to its passivation in air. It will also passivate in the presence of fluorine, making it an ideal material for handling and storing the gas. It will dissolve only slowly in hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. In concentrated nitric acid, nickel will not dissolve, but it will dissolve in dilute nitric acid.

Nickel(II) compounds form a hexaaqua complex in water with the formula [Ni(H2O)6]2+ and coordinate to many different ligands, including chloride, ammonia, and ethylenediamine. These complexes can be hexacoordinate, tetragonal, or square planar, with square planar complexes such as tetrachloronickelate being diamagnetic rather than paramagnetic.

Availability

Nickel is present as the main material (certified 99.9%) in older Canadian nickels, dating from 1922 to 1942, and older Canadian dimes dating from 1969 to 1999. It is also present in US nickels, dimes, quarters and in 1 and 2 euro coins too. However, the majority of the metal is copper, with nickel making up anywhere from 9% to 25% of the coin. Destroying coins is illegal however, and heavy fines exist everywhere for breaking this law.

A good source of nickel is Mu-metal, an alloy containing 77-80% nickel, 16% iron, 5-2% copper and molybdenum. This alloy is commonly encountered in the hard drive magnets brackets, which can be extracted from hard disks. As a bonus, they are also nickel plated. Old submarine cables also contain Mu-metal wiring. Cathode tubes are also a source. Chemical extraction is required to separate the nickel. However, many hobby chemists have discovered that the "Mu metal" brackets commonly found in hard drives do not contain any significant amounts of nickel and instead are made of iron/steel. As such, one will have to check the model of the hard drives they take apart, to find only the ones that are known to use actual Mu metal.

Nickel strips for electroplating can be bought from United Nuclear.

Another good source of nickel metal is the Ni200 wire sold in many electronic cigarette stores, as heating wire. The nickel content is 99%.

Isolation

Nickel metal can be produced very easily by electrowinning in from a nickel salt solution.

Ultrapure Ni metal can be obtained by careful thermal decomposition of nickel carbonyls, in inert atmosphere, which yields very fine and very pure Ni powder. This route is called the Mond process.

Projects

Handling

Safety

Nickel compounds are known to be carcinogens, and are grouped as class 1. Nickel metal is grouped as class 2B (it is a suspected carcinogen). However, it is not regulated by OSHA.

Some people are allergic to nickel metal and develop an itch or rash when exposed to it (contact dermatitis). If this occurs, wear gloves when handling the metal.

Storage

No special storage is required for bulk nickel. Nickel powder must be stored in closed bottles, away from any ignition source.

Disposal

Nickel and its compounds should be taken to disposal facilities.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

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