Difference between revisions of "Promethium"
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|name= Promethium | |name= Promethium | ||
|symbol= Pm | |symbol= Pm | ||
| − | |pronounce= | + | |pronounce= /proʊˈmiːθiəm/ |
|pronounce ref= | |pronounce ref= | ||
|pronounce comment= | |pronounce comment= | ||
| − | |pronounce 2= | + | |pronounce 2= (proh-MEE-thee-əm) |
|alt name= | |alt name= | ||
|alt names= | |alt names= | ||
|allotropes= | |allotropes= | ||
| − | |appearance= | + | |appearance= Metallic, silvery, glowing |
<!-- Periodic table --> | <!-- Periodic table --> | ||
| − | |above= | + | |above= - |
| − | |below= | + | |below= [[Neptunium|Np]] |
| − | |left= | + | |left= [[Neodymium]] |
| − | |right= | + | |right= [[Samarium]] |
| − | |number= | + | |number= 61 |
|atomic mass= | |atomic mass= | ||
|atomic mass 2= | |atomic mass 2= | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
|series comment= | |series comment= | ||
|series color= | |series color= | ||
| − | |group= | + | |group= |
|group ref= | |group ref= | ||
| − | |group comment= | + | |group comment= n/a |
| − | |period= | + | |period= 6 |
|period ref= | |period ref= | ||
|period comment= | |period comment= | ||
| − | |block= | + | |block= f |
|block ref= | |block ref= | ||
|block comment= | |block comment= | ||
| − | |electron configuration= | + | |electron configuration= [Xe] 4f5 6s2 |
|electron configuration ref= | |electron configuration ref= | ||
|electron configuration comment= | |electron configuration comment= | ||
| − | |electrons per shell= | + | |electrons per shell= 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 |
|electrons per shell ref= | |electrons per shell ref= | ||
|electrons per shell comment= | |electrons per shell comment= | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
|physical properties comment= | |physical properties comment= | ||
|color= | |color= | ||
| − | |phase= | + | |phase= Solid |
|phase ref= | |phase ref= | ||
|phase comment= | |phase comment= | ||
| − | |melting point K= | + | |melting point K= 1315 |
| − | |melting point C= | + | |melting point C= 1042 |
| − | |melting point F= | + | |melting point F= 1908 |
|melting point ref= | |melting point ref= | ||
|melting point comment= | |melting point comment= | ||
| − | |boiling point K= | + | |boiling point K= 3273 |
| − | |boiling point C= | + | |boiling point C= 3000 |
| − | |boiling point F= | + | |boiling point F= 5432 |
|boiling point ref= | |boiling point ref= | ||
|boiling point comment= | |boiling point comment= | ||
| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
|density gplstp ref= | |density gplstp ref= | ||
|density gplstp comment= | |density gplstp comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3nrt= | + | |density gpcm3nrt= 7.26 |
|density gpcm3nrt ref= | |density gpcm3nrt ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt comment= | |density gpcm3nrt comment= | ||
| Line 105: | Line 105: | ||
|critical point ref= | |critical point ref= | ||
|critical point comment= | |critical point comment= | ||
| − | |heat fusion= | + | |heat fusion= 7.13 |
|heat fusion ref= | |heat fusion ref= | ||
|heat fusion comment= | |heat fusion comment= | ||
| Line 111: | Line 111: | ||
|heat fusion 2 ref= | |heat fusion 2 ref= | ||
|heat fusion 2 comment= | |heat fusion 2 comment= | ||
| − | |heat vaporization= | + | |heat vaporization= 289 |
|heat vaporization ref= | |heat vaporization ref= | ||
|heat vaporization comment= | |heat vaporization comment= | ||
| − | |heat capacity= | + | |heat capacity= |
|heat capacity ref= | |heat capacity ref= | ||
|heat capacity comment= | |heat capacity comment= | ||
| Line 138: | Line 138: | ||
<!-- Atomic properties --> | <!-- Atomic properties --> | ||
|atomic properties comment= | |atomic properties comment= | ||
| − | |oxidation states= | + | |oxidation states= +2, +3 |
|oxidation states ref= | |oxidation states ref= | ||
|oxidation states comment= | |oxidation states comment= | ||
| − | |electronegativity= | + | |electronegativity= |
|electronegativity ref= | |electronegativity ref= | ||
|electronegativity comment= | |electronegativity comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 1= | + | |ionization energy 1= 540 |
|ionization energy 1 ref= | |ionization energy 1 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 1 comment= | |ionization energy 1 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 2= | + | |ionization energy 2= 1050 |
|ionization energy 2 ref= | |ionization energy 2 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 2 comment= | |ionization energy 2 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 3= | + | |ionization energy 3= 2150 |
|ionization energy 3 ref= | |ionization energy 3 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 3 comment= | |ionization energy 3 comment= | ||
| − | |number of ionization energies= | + | |number of ionization energies= 3 |
|ionization energy ref= | |ionization energy ref= | ||
|ionization energy comment= | |ionization energy comment= | ||
| − | |atomic radius= | + | |atomic radius= 183 |
|atomic radius ref= | |atomic radius ref= | ||
|atomic radius comment= | |atomic radius comment= | ||
| Line 162: | Line 162: | ||
|atomic radius calculated ref= | |atomic radius calculated ref= | ||
|atomic radius calculated comment= | |atomic radius calculated comment= | ||
| − | |covalent radius= | + | |covalent radius= 199 |
|covalent radius ref= | |covalent radius ref= | ||
|covalent radius comment= | |covalent radius comment= | ||
| Line 169: | Line 169: | ||
|Van der Waals radius comment= | |Van der Waals radius comment= | ||
<!-- Miscellanea --> | <!-- Miscellanea --> | ||
| − | |crystal structure= | + | |crystal structure= double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) |
|crystal structure prefix= | |crystal structure prefix= | ||
|crystal structure ref= | |crystal structure ref= | ||
| Line 177: | Line 177: | ||
|crystal structure 2 ref= | |crystal structure 2 ref= | ||
|crystal structure 2 comment= | |crystal structure 2 comment= | ||
| − | |speed of sound= | + | |speed of sound= |
|speed of sound ref= | |speed of sound ref= | ||
|speed of sound comment= | |speed of sound comment= | ||
| Line 186: | Line 186: | ||
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | |speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= | ||
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= | |speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= | ||
| − | |thermal expansion= | + | |thermal expansion= 9.0 |
|thermal expansion ref= | |thermal expansion ref= | ||
| − | |thermal expansion comment= | + | |thermal expansion comment= (at room temperature) |
|thermal expansion at 25= | |thermal expansion at 25= | ||
|thermal expansion at 25 ref= | |thermal expansion at 25 ref= | ||
|thermal expansion at 25 comment= | |thermal expansion at 25 comment= | ||
| − | |thermal conductivity= | + | |thermal conductivity= 17.9 |
|thermal conductivity ref= | |thermal conductivity ref= | ||
|thermal conductivity comment= | |thermal conductivity comment= | ||
| Line 198: | Line 198: | ||
|thermal conductivity 2 ref= | |thermal conductivity 2 ref= | ||
|thermal conductivity 2 comment= | |thermal conductivity 2 comment= | ||
| − | |thermal diffusivity= | + | |thermal diffusivity= |
|thermal diffusivity ref= | |thermal diffusivity ref= | ||
|thermal diffusivity comment= | |thermal diffusivity comment= | ||
| Line 208: | Line 208: | ||
|electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | ||
| − | |electrical resistivity at 20= | + | |electrical resistivity at 20= 0.75 |
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | ||
| − | |electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | + | |electrical resistivity at 20 comment= (estimated) |
|band gap= | |band gap= | ||
|band gap ref= | |band gap ref= | ||
| Line 217: | Line 217: | ||
|Curie point ref= | |Curie point ref= | ||
|Curie point comment= | |Curie point comment= | ||
| − | |magnetic ordering= | + | |magnetic ordering= paramagnetic |
|magnetic ordering ref= | |magnetic ordering ref= | ||
|magnetic ordering comment= | |magnetic ordering comment= | ||
| Line 223: | Line 223: | ||
|tensile strength ref= | |tensile strength ref= | ||
|tensile strength comment= | |tensile strength comment= | ||
| − | |Young's modulus= | + | |Young's modulus= α form: est. 46 |
|Young's modulus ref= | |Young's modulus ref= | ||
|Young's modulus comment= | |Young's modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Shear modulus= | + | |Shear modulus= α form: est. 18 |
|Shear modulus ref= | |Shear modulus ref= | ||
|Shear modulus comment= | |Shear modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Bulk modulus= | + | |Bulk modulus= α form: est. 33 |
|Bulk modulus ref= | |Bulk modulus ref= | ||
|Bulk modulus comment= | |Bulk modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Poisson ratio= | + | |Poisson ratio= α form: est. 0.28 GPa |
|Poisson ratio ref= | |Poisson ratio ref= | ||
|Poisson ratio comment= | |Poisson ratio comment= | ||
| Line 247: | Line 247: | ||
|Brinell hardness ref= | |Brinell hardness ref= | ||
|Brinell hardness comment= | |Brinell hardness comment= | ||
| − | |CAS number= | + | |CAS number= 7440-12-2 |
|CAS number ref= | |CAS number ref= | ||
|CAS number comment= | |CAS number comment= | ||
| Line 255: | Line 255: | ||
|prediction date ref= | |prediction date ref= | ||
|prediction date= | |prediction date= | ||
| − | |discovered by= | + | |discovered by= Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe |
|discovery date ref= | |discovery date ref= | ||
| − | |discovery date= | + | |discovery date= 1942 |
| − | |first isolation by= | + | |first isolation by= Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin |
|first isolation date ref= | |first isolation date ref= | ||
| − | |first isolation date= | + | |first isolation date= 1945 |
|discovery and first isolation by= | |discovery and first isolation by= | ||
| − | |named by= | + | |named by= Grace Mary Coryell |
|named date ref= | |named date ref= | ||
| − | |named date= | + | |named date= 1945 |
|history comment label= | |history comment label= | ||
|history comment= | |history comment= | ||
| Line 272: | Line 272: | ||
|engvar= | |engvar= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | ( | + | '''Promethium''' ('''Pm''') is an extremely radioactive [[lanthanide]]. It is one of two classical elements lighter than [[bismuth]], with no stable isotopes, the other being [[technetium]]. It is not encountered in nature except for traces and is primarily synthesized in labs. |
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
===Chemical=== | ===Chemical=== | ||
| − | + | The chemistry of promethium is very similar to that of other lanthanides. | |
===Physical=== | ===Physical=== | ||
| + | Promethium is a silvery-gray metal, which glows in dark. It readily oxidizes in air. | ||
| + | The most stable isotope of the element is promethium-145, which has a specific activity of 940 Ci/g (35 TBq/g) and a half-life of 17.7 years via electron capture. | ||
==Availability== | ==Availability== | ||
| − | + | Promethium is extremely hard to find, but some sellers do exist. It's very expensive. | |
==Isolation== | ==Isolation== | ||
| − | + | While it's possible to reduce promethium from the fluorescent dye it's commonly available, one would need a very large amount of Pm dye, large enough that its radioactivity becomes a serious hazard. As such, it's not a good idea to isolate this metal, unless one has the setting to do this safely. | |
| + | |||
| + | In industry, promethium is synthesized by bombarding uranium-235 (enriched uranium) with thermal neutrons to produce promethium-147 as a fission product. Pm-145, the more stable isotope, can be produced via the radioactive decay of samarium-145. | ||
==Projects== | ==Projects== | ||
| − | + | *Element collection | |
| + | *Study radioactivity | ||
| + | *Luminous paint | ||
| + | *Atomic batteries | ||
==Handling== | ==Handling== | ||
| − | |||
===Safety=== | ===Safety=== | ||
| + | Promethium is highly radioactive and proper protection should be worn when handling the compound. | ||
===Storage=== | ===Storage=== | ||
| + | In closed vials, kept in lead-lined boxes. | ||
===Disposal=== | ===Disposal=== | ||
| + | To do | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads=== | ===Relevant Sciencemadness threads=== | ||
| + | *[https://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=157930 Why technetium and promethium doesn't have a stable isotope?] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Elements]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Metals]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Lanthanides]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Reducing agents]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Materials that react with water]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Air-sensitive materials]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Radioactives]] | ||
| + | [[Category:F-block]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:19, 17 December 2022
 |
This article is a stub. Please help Sciencemadness Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.
|
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Promethium, Pm | ||||
| Pronunciation |
/proʊˈmiːθiəm/ (proh-MEE-thee-əm) | ||||
| Appearance | Metallic, silvery, glowing | ||||
| Promethium in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 61 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | |||||
| Group, block | n/a; f-block | ||||
| Period | period 6 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f5 6s2 | ||||
per shell | 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Phase | Solid | ||||
| Melting point | 1315 K (1042 °C, 1908 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 3273 K (3000 °C, 5432 °F) | ||||
| Density near r.t. | 7.26 g/cm3 | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 7.13 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 289 kJ/mol | ||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | +2, +3 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 540 kJ/mol 2nd: 1050 kJ/mol 3rd: 2150 kJ/mol | ||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 183 pm | ||||
| Covalent radius | 199 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | | ||||
| Thermal expansion | 9.0 µm/(m·K) (at room temperature) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 17.9 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 0.75 Ω·m (at 20 °C) (estimated) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | ||||
| Young's modulus | α form: est. 46 GPa | ||||
| Shear modulus | α form: est. 18 GPa | ||||
| Bulk modulus | α form: est. 33 GPa | ||||
| Poisson ratio | α form: est. 0.28 GPa | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7440-12-2 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Discovery | Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe (1942) | ||||
| First isolation | Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin (1945) | ||||
| Named by | Grace Mary Coryell (1945) | ||||
Promethium (Pm) is an extremely radioactive lanthanide. It is one of two classical elements lighter than bismuth, with no stable isotopes, the other being technetium. It is not encountered in nature except for traces and is primarily synthesized in labs.
Contents
Properties
Chemical
The chemistry of promethium is very similar to that of other lanthanides.
Physical
Promethium is a silvery-gray metal, which glows in dark. It readily oxidizes in air.
The most stable isotope of the element is promethium-145, which has a specific activity of 940 Ci/g (35 TBq/g) and a half-life of 17.7 years via electron capture.
Availability
Promethium is extremely hard to find, but some sellers do exist. It's very expensive.
Isolation
While it's possible to reduce promethium from the fluorescent dye it's commonly available, one would need a very large amount of Pm dye, large enough that its radioactivity becomes a serious hazard. As such, it's not a good idea to isolate this metal, unless one has the setting to do this safely.
In industry, promethium is synthesized by bombarding uranium-235 (enriched uranium) with thermal neutrons to produce promethium-147 as a fission product. Pm-145, the more stable isotope, can be produced via the radioactive decay of samarium-145.
Projects
- Element collection
- Study radioactivity
- Luminous paint
- Atomic batteries
Handling
Safety
Promethium is highly radioactive and proper protection should be worn when handling the compound.
Storage
In closed vials, kept in lead-lined boxes.
Disposal
To do
