Difference between revisions of "Urea peroxide"
(→Chemical) |
|||
| (10 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Chembox | {{Chembox | ||
| − | | Name = | + | | Name = Urea peroxide |
| Reference = | | Reference = | ||
| IUPACName = | | IUPACName = | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | ||
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = | | AtmosphericOHRateConstant = | ||
| − | | Appearance =White solid | + | | Appearance = White solid |
| BoilingPt = | | BoilingPt = | ||
| BoilingPtC = | | BoilingPtC = | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
| BoilingPt_notes = | | BoilingPt_notes = | ||
| Density = | | Density = | ||
| − | | Formula = | + | | Formula = CH<sub>6</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br>(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO·H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> |
| HenryConstant = | | HenryConstant = | ||
| LogP = | | LogP = | ||
| − | | MolarMass =94.07 | + | | MolarMass = 94.07 g/mol |
| MeltingPt = | | MeltingPt = | ||
| MeltingPtC = | | MeltingPtC = | ||
| MeltingPt_ref = | | MeltingPt_ref = | ||
| MeltingPt_notes = 75 to 91.5 °C (167.0 to 196.7 °F; 348.1 to 364.6 K) (decomposes) | | MeltingPt_notes = 75 to 91.5 °C (167.0 to 196.7 °F; 348.1 to 364.6 K) (decomposes) | ||
| + | | Odor = Odorless | ||
| pKa = | | pKa = | ||
| pKb = | | pKb = | ||
| − | | Solubility = | + | | Solubility = 50 g/100 ml |
| − | | SolubleOther = | + | | SolubleOther = Reacts with acids |
| Solvent = | | Solvent = | ||
| − | | VaporPressure = 23.3 | + | | VaporPressure = 23.3 mmHg (at 30 °C) |
}} | }} | ||
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | ||
| Line 104: | Line 105: | ||
| OtherFunction = | | OtherFunction = | ||
| OtherFunction_label = | | OtherFunction_label = | ||
| − | | OtherCompounds = | + | | OtherCompounds = [[Urea]] |
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Urea peroxide''' is a crystalline adduct composed of equal amounts of hydrogen peroxide | + | '''Urea peroxide''' is a crystalline [[adduct]] composed of equal amounts of [[urea]] and [[hydrogen peroxide]]. It is used in commercial tooth-whiteners, and to loosen impacted earwax. It is also used to make plastics. |
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
| Line 113: | Line 114: | ||
Urea peroxide is a convenient replacement for 90% [[hydrogen peroxide]] in oxidation reactions. | Urea peroxide is a convenient replacement for 90% [[hydrogen peroxide]] in oxidation reactions. | ||
| − | In aqueous solution it behaves identically to a solution of urea and hydrogen peroxide added separately to water. | + | In aqueous solution it behaves identically to a solution of urea and hydrogen peroxide added separately to [[water]]. Urea can be separated from this adduct by dissolving it in water and adding [[manganese dioxide]] which catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; this way you can obtain high grade urea, but the peroxide is lost. Separating the two compounds without losing either is more tricky; one method involves using calcium or barium hydroxides to precipitate peroxide, leaving urea dissolved, and, after filtering out the alkaline earth metal peroxide, recovering hydrogen peroxide from it with sulfuric acid. This, however, requires a very concentrated solution of the adduct, decanted or vacuum-filtered from a sludge of wet powdered percarbamide. |
| − | When mixed with powdered metamizole (an over-the-counter analgesic drug), urea peroxide forms a mixture that spontaneously ignites and starts to emit noxious smoke. If the mixture does not ignite, it can be ignited manually. | + | When mixed with powdered metamizole (an over-the-counter analgesic drug), urea peroxide forms a mixture that spontaneously ignites and starts to emit noxious smoke. If the mixture does not ignite, it can be ignited manually. This mixture is widely known in Russia, where both components are OTC, among adolescent pranksters, under the name "Analgin-Hydroperit", after the local names of the components. |
===Physical=== | ===Physical=== | ||
| Line 129: | Line 130: | ||
*Oxidizing organic compounds | *Oxidizing organic compounds | ||
*Separating the adduct into its constituent substances without losing either | *Separating the adduct into its constituent substances without losing either | ||
| + | *Metamizole-percarbamide smoke bomb | ||
==Handling== | ==Handling== | ||
| Line 142: | Line 144: | ||
===Disposal=== | ===Disposal=== | ||
| − | Hydrolysis of urea peroxide gives urea and hydrogen peroxide. | + | Hydrolysis of urea peroxide gives urea and hydrogen peroxide. The H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> can be further neutralized to water and oxygen. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 152: | Line 154: | ||
[[Category:Chemical compounds]] | [[Category:Chemical compounds]] | ||
[[Category:Organic compounds]] | [[Category:Organic compounds]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Adducts]] | ||
[[Category:Peroxides]] | [[Category:Peroxides]] | ||
[[Category:Organic peroxides]] | [[Category:Organic peroxides]] | ||
| Line 157: | Line 160: | ||
[[Category:Oxidizing agents]] | [[Category:Oxidizing agents]] | ||
[[Category:Readily available chemicals]] | [[Category:Readily available chemicals]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Irritants]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:55, 8 March 2022
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Other names
Carbamide Peroxide
| |
| Properties | |
| CH6N2O3 (NH2)2CO·H2O2 | |
| Molar mass | 94.07 g/mol |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Melting point | 75 to 91.5 °C (167.0 to 196.7 °F; 348.1 to 364.6 K) (decomposes) |
| 50 g/100 ml | |
| Solubility | Reacts with acids |
| Vapor pressure | 23.3 mmHg (at 30 °C) |
| Hazards | |
| Safety data sheet | ReagentWorld |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds
|
Urea |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| Infobox references | |
Urea peroxide is a crystalline adduct composed of equal amounts of urea and hydrogen peroxide. It is used in commercial tooth-whiteners, and to loosen impacted earwax. It is also used to make plastics.
Contents
Properties
Chemical
Urea peroxide is a convenient replacement for 90% hydrogen peroxide in oxidation reactions.
In aqueous solution it behaves identically to a solution of urea and hydrogen peroxide added separately to water. Urea can be separated from this adduct by dissolving it in water and adding manganese dioxide which catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; this way you can obtain high grade urea, but the peroxide is lost. Separating the two compounds without losing either is more tricky; one method involves using calcium or barium hydroxides to precipitate peroxide, leaving urea dissolved, and, after filtering out the alkaline earth metal peroxide, recovering hydrogen peroxide from it with sulfuric acid. This, however, requires a very concentrated solution of the adduct, decanted or vacuum-filtered from a sludge of wet powdered percarbamide.
When mixed with powdered metamizole (an over-the-counter analgesic drug), urea peroxide forms a mixture that spontaneously ignites and starts to emit noxious smoke. If the mixture does not ignite, it can be ignited manually. This mixture is widely known in Russia, where both components are OTC, among adolescent pranksters, under the name "Analgin-Hydroperit", after the local names of the components.
Physical
Urea peroxide is a free flowing white powder. Commercial forms of it often come pressed into tablets.
Availability
97% urea peroxide is available from Sigma Aldrich. In various countries it is also available in drugstores, under the names "Percarbamide" or "Hydroperite".
Preparation
Urea peroxide is prepared by combining 3:2 molar quantities of hydrogen peroxide and urea.
Projects
- Oxidizing organic compounds
- Separating the adduct into its constituent substances without losing either
- Metamizole-percarbamide smoke bomb
Handling
Safety
Inhalation of dust causes irritation of nose from hydrogen peroxide formed when heated. Contact with eyes causes severe damage. Contact with moist skin causes temporary itching or burning sensation. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach.
Forms dangerous peroxides with ethers and ketones.
Can be made to explode.
Storage
Urea hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing agent. Liable to spontaneous combustion when heated or in contact with organic materials. The contents of a screw-capped brown glass bottle spontaneously erupted after four years storage at ambient temperature. [MCA Case History No. 719]. Combustion may release Irritating ammonia gas.
Disposal
Hydrolysis of urea peroxide gives urea and hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2 can be further neutralized to water and oxygen.
