Difference between revisions of "Erbium"

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'''Erbium''' is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symbol Er and atomic number 68.
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{{Infobox element
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Erbium
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|symbol=Er
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce ref=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance=Silvery-white
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=-
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|below=Fm
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|left=[[Holmium]]
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|right=[[Thulium]]
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|number=69
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|atomic mass=167.259(3)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass ref=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=
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|series comment=
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|series color=
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|group=
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|group comment=
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|period=6
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=f
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>12</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery-white
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=1802
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|melting point C=1529
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|melting point F=2784
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=3141
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|boiling point C=2868
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|boiling point F=​5194
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|sublimation point F=
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|sublimation point comment=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt=9.066
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|density gpcm3nrt ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3=
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|density gpcm3mp=8.86
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|density gpcm3bp=
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|molar volume comment=
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point K 2=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|heat fusion=19.90
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion 2=
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|heat vaporization=280
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|heat vaporization ref=
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|heat vaporization comment=
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|heat capacity=28.12
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|heat capacity ref=
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|heat capacity comment=
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 ref=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=1504
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|vapor pressure 10=1663
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|vapor pressure 100=(1885)
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|vapor pressure 1 k=(2163)
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|vapor pressure 10 k=(2552)
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|vapor pressure 100 k=(3132)
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure comment=
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 ref=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states='''3''', 2, 1
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=(a basic oxide)
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|electronegativity=1.24
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1=589.3
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1150
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=2194
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=176
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=189±6
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure prefix=
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|crystal structure comment= Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 prefix=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound ref=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=2830
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=12.2
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=(poly)
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|thermal expansion at 25=
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
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|thermal conductivity=14.5
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity comment=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
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|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
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|thermal diffusivity=
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|electrical resistivity=0.86·10<sup>-6</sup>
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|band gap=
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|band gap ref=
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|Curie point K=
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|Curie point ref=
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|Curie point comment=
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|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|magnetic ordering comment=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=69.9
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=
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|Shear modulus=28.3
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=
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|Bulk modulus=44.4
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=
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|Poisson ratio=0.237
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=
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|Mohs hardness=
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|Mohs hardness comment=
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|Mohs hardness 2=
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
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|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
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|Vickers hardness=430–700
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|Vickers hardness ref=
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=600–1070
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|Brinell hardness comment=
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|CAS number=7440-52-0
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|CAS number ref=
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|CAS number comment=
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<!-- History -->
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|naming=After Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date ref=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by= Carl Gustaf Mosander
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|discovery date ref=
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|discovery date=1842
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|first isolation by=
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|first isolation date=
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|discovery and first isolation by=
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|named by=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
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|isotopes=
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|isotopes comment=
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|engvar=
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}}
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'''Erbium''' is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symbol '''Er''' and atomic number 68.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
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==Projects==
 
==Projects==
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*[[Erbium chloride]]
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*Make erbium compounds
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*[[Erbium(III) chloride]]
 
*Erbium glass
 
*Erbium glass
  
 
==Handling==
 
==Handling==
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===Safety===
 
===Safety===
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Erbium's toxicity is similar to that of other lanthanides.
  
 
===Storage===
 
===Storage===
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Erbium should be kept in closed bottles, away from moisture and corrosive vapors.
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===
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Best to try to recycle it.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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[[Category:Elements]]
 
[[Category:Elements]]
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[[Category:Metals]]
 
[[Category:Rare earth metals]]
 
[[Category:Rare earth metals]]
 
[[Category:Lanthanides]]
 
[[Category:Lanthanides]]
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[[Category:Metals]]
 
 
[[Category:Reducing agents]]
 
[[Category:Reducing agents]]
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]
 
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]
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[[Category:Air-sensitive materials]]
 
[[Category:F-block]]
 
[[Category:F-block]]
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[[Category:Erbium compounds]]
 

Latest revision as of 21:15, 17 August 2020

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Erbium,  69Er
General properties
Name, symbol Erbium, Er
Appearance Silvery-white
Erbium in the periodic table
-
↑
Er
↓
Fm
Holmium ← Erbium → Thulium
Atomic number 69
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 167.259(3)
Group, block , f-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f12 6s2
per shell
 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
Physical properties
Silvery-white
Phase Solid
Melting point 1802 K ​(1529 °C, ​2784 °F)
Boiling point 3141 K ​(2868 °C, ​​5194 °F)
Density near r.t. 9.066 g/cm3
when liquid, at  8.86 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 19.90 kJ/mol
Heat of 280 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 28.12 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 3, 2, 1 ​(a basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.24
energies 1st: 589.3 kJ/mol
2nd: 1150 kJ/mol
3rd: 2194 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius 189±6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod 2830 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 12.2 µm/(m·K) (poly)
Thermal conductivity 14.5 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 0.86·10-6 Ω·m
Magnetic ordering Paramagnetic
Young's modulus 69.9 GPa
Shear modulus 28.3 GPa
Bulk modulus 44.4 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.237
Vickers hardness 430–700 MPa
Brinell hardness 600–1070 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-52-0
History
Naming After Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined
Discovery Carl Gustaf Mosander (1842)
· references

Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with symbol Er and atomic number 68.

Properties

Chemical

Erbium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form erbium(III) oxide:

4 Er + 3 O2 → 2 Er2O3

Erbium will slowly react with cold water, but the reaction occurs much faster in hot water.

Physical

Erbium is a silvery-white malleable metal. It is stable in air, and does not oxidize as quickly as some other rare-earth metals. Erbium is ferromagnetic below 19 K, antiferromagnetic between 19 and 80 K and paramagnetic above 80 K.

Availability

Erbium can be purchased online. Metallium sells erbium coins.

Preparation

Erbium can be prepared by reducing its oxide or salts with calcium at 1450 °C under argon atmosphere.

Er2O3 + 3 Ca → 2 Er + 3 CaO

Projects

Handling

Safety

Erbium's toxicity is similar to that of other lanthanides.

Storage

Erbium should be kept in closed bottles, away from moisture and corrosive vapors.

Disposal

Best to try to recycle it.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

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