Difference between revisions of "Mercury"
(→References) |
m |
||
| (17 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
<!-- Periodic table --> | <!-- Periodic table --> | ||
|above=[[Cadmium|Cd]] | |above=[[Cadmium|Cd]] | ||
| − | |below= | + | |below=Cp |
| − | |left=[[ | + | |left=[[Gold]] |
| − | |right=[[ | + | |right=[[Thallium]] |
|number=80 | |number=80 | ||
|atomic mass=200.592(3) | |atomic mass=200.592(3) | ||
| Line 275: | Line 275: | ||
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
===Chemical=== | ===Chemical=== | ||
| − | Mercury is resistant to most acids, although oxidizing acids, such as concentrated [[sulfuric acid]], [[nitric acid]] or [[aqua regia]] dissolve it to give its respective sulfate, nitrate, and chloride salts. Mercury has two potential oxidation states (I) and (II). [[Mercury(I) nitrate]], or mercurous nitrate, can be prepared by dissolving mercury in cold dilute nitric acid, while [[mercury(II) nitrate]], mercuric nitrate, can be prepared by dissolving the metal in hot concentrated nitric acid. Like [[silver]], mercury reacts with atmospheric [[hydrogen sulfide]], but unlike silver will also react with solid [[sulfur]], forming [[mercury sulfide]] (cinnabar). Elemental sulfur is used to absorb mercury spills and vapors. Mercury will also form amalgams with | + | Mercury is resistant to most acids, although oxidizing acids, such as concentrated [[sulfuric acid]], [[nitric acid]] or [[aqua regia]] dissolve it to give its respective sulfate, nitrate, and chloride salts. Mercury has two potential oxidation states (I) and (II). [[Mercury(I) nitrate]], or mercurous nitrate, can be prepared by dissolving mercury in cold dilute nitric acid, while [[mercury(II) nitrate]], mercuric nitrate, can be prepared by dissolving the metal in hot concentrated nitric acid. Like [[silver]], mercury reacts with atmospheric [[hydrogen sulfide]], but unlike silver will also react with solid [[sulfur]], forming [[mercury sulfide]] (cinnabar). Elemental sulfur is used to absorb mercury spills and vapors. Mercury will also form amalgams with many metals such as [[gold]], [[aluminium]] or alkali metals, but will not dissolve [[iron]], [[platinum]], [[tantalum]] and [[tungsten]]. Lead-mercury amalgam has the interesting property of being permeable to liquid mercury, but not to other liquids, like water or solvents.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JW8YGTdTjA</ref> |
===Physical=== | ===Physical=== | ||
| − | Mercury is a dense, silvery-white liquid metal. It is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity. Mercury melts at −38.83 °C and boils at 356.73 °C. Unlike most metals that melt at low temperatures, liquid mercury | + | Mercury is a dense, silvery-white liquid metal. It is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity. Mercury melts at −38.83 °C and boils at 356.73 °C. Unlike most metals that melt at low temperatures, liquid mercury does not wet glass. This property allows him to be easily cleaned from insoluble impurities and being easier to remove if it's spilled on a surface. |
==Availability== | ==Availability== | ||
Mercury can be found in medical mercury thermometers. The packaging of these thermometers comes with a warning, that the product contains mercury and is dangerous for the environment. Old blood pressure meters also contain mercury. Other old devices that contain mercury are: old tilt switches, mercury electrodes, mercury manometers, mercury batteries, etc. Old amalgam fillings contain mercury. Some light sources, such as fluorescent lamps contain a minute amount of mercury, albeit too small to be of any importance. | Mercury can be found in medical mercury thermometers. The packaging of these thermometers comes with a warning, that the product contains mercury and is dangerous for the environment. Old blood pressure meters also contain mercury. Other old devices that contain mercury are: old tilt switches, mercury electrodes, mercury manometers, mercury batteries, etc. Old amalgam fillings contain mercury. Some light sources, such as fluorescent lamps contain a minute amount of mercury, albeit too small to be of any importance. | ||
| − | In EU the sale of mercury is restricted. | + | In EU the sale of mercury and its compounds is restricted. |
Norway enacted a total ban on the use of mercury in the manufacturing and import/export of mercury products, in 2008. | Norway enacted a total ban on the use of mercury in the manufacturing and import/export of mercury products, in 2008. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Isolation== |
| − | Mercury can be prepared by reducing its salt with a reducing metal | + | Mercury can be prepared by reducing its salt with a reducing metal, such aluminium, in an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution also has the advantage of destroying any Hg-Al amalgam. However, a better choice would be to use [[copper]]. If you use iron, you'll end up with "powdered" mercury, basically mercury mixed with iron impurities, and it's not very easy to purify it. While you can add a non-oxidizing acid or a base to remove the impurities and coalesce the mercury, a better method involves adding metallic copper, which will absorb the mercury droplets, which means that you're better off just using copper in the first place. |
A more dangerous method involves roasting cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the resulting mercury vapor. This method is extremely dangerous, as it generate highly toxic mercury vapors. | A more dangerous method involves roasting cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the resulting mercury vapor. This method is extremely dangerous, as it generate highly toxic mercury vapors. | ||
| Line 296: | Line 296: | ||
==Projects== | ==Projects== | ||
The use of mercury and mercury compounds in experiments carries a high risk of poisoning, mainly due to its vapors and the volatility of some of its compounds. The biggest risk however, is due to the low LD<sub>50</sub> of most of its compounds, their ability to be absorbed through the skin and long delay between poisoning and first symptoms. Any experiments must be performed either outside, in a fume hood or, if possible in a glovebox. | The use of mercury and mercury compounds in experiments carries a high risk of poisoning, mainly due to its vapors and the volatility of some of its compounds. The biggest risk however, is due to the low LD<sub>50</sub> of most of its compounds, their ability to be absorbed through the skin and long delay between poisoning and first symptoms. Any experiments must be performed either outside, in a fume hood or, if possible in a glovebox. | ||
| − | *Pharaoh's | + | *[[Pharaoh's serpent]] (thermal decomposition of [[mercury(II) thiocyanate]]) |
*Castner–Kellner process | *Castner–Kellner process | ||
*Make amalgams | *Make amalgams | ||
| − | *Mercury(II) nitrate synthesis | + | *[[Mercury(II) nitrate]] synthesis |
| − | *Mercury(II) chloride synthesis | + | *[[Mercury(II) chloride]] synthesis |
| − | *[[Mercury fulminate]] synthesis | + | *[[Mercury(II) fulminate]] synthesis |
| + | *Demonstration of mercury's high density, by floating dense items on it | ||
==Handling== | ==Handling== | ||
| Line 313: | Line 314: | ||
===Disposal=== | ===Disposal=== | ||
| − | Mercury | + | Mercury spills can be removed by adding a mixture of powdered elemental [[sulfur]] and [[zinc]]. The resulting solid must be then taken to special disposal centers. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 320: | Line 321: | ||
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=46124 Mercury Oxidation - Prevention] | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=46124 Mercury Oxidation - Prevention] | ||
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=18162 Refining mercury from cinnabar] | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=18162 Refining mercury from cinnabar] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=131436 Elemental Mercury from cinnabar] | ||
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15853 How should I clean my mercury?] | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15853 How should I clean my mercury?] | ||
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=16917 mercury from broken thermometer] | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=16917 mercury from broken thermometer] | ||
| Line 326: | Line 328: | ||
[[Category:Metals]] | [[Category:Metals]] | ||
[[Category:Transition metals]] | [[Category:Transition metals]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Post-transition metals]] | ||
[[Category:D-block]] | [[Category:D-block]] | ||
[[Category:Heavy metal toxicants]] | [[Category:Heavy metal toxicants]] | ||
[[Category:Liquids]] | [[Category:Liquids]] | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Minerals]] |
| + | [[Category:Volatile metals]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Neurotoxins]] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:11, 11 December 2019
 Liquid mercury being poured in a glass, displaying high surface tension. | |||||
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Mercury, Hg | ||||
| Alternative names |
Hydrargyrum (Latin) Quicksilver | ||||
| Appearance | Shiny silvery dense liquid | ||||
| Mercury in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 80 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 200.592(3) | ||||
| Group, block | , d-block | ||||
| Period | period 6 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 | ||||
per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Silvery | |||||
| Phase | Liquid | ||||
| Melting point | 234.321 K (−38.829 °C, −37.8922 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 629.88 K (356.73 °C, 674.11 °F) | ||||
| Density near r.t. | 13.534 g/cm3 | ||||
| when liquid, at | 10.66 g/cm3 | ||||
| Triple point | 234.3156 K, 1.65×10−7 kPa | ||||
| Critical point | 1750 K, 172 MPa | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 2.29 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 59.11 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 27.983 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | +4, +2, +1, −2 (+1 and +2 are most common) | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.00 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 1007.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1810 kJ/mol 3rd: 3300 kJ/mol | ||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 151 pm | ||||
| Covalent radius | 132±5 pm | ||||
| Van der Waals radius | 155 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | | ||||
| Speed of sound | 1451.4 m/s (liquid, at 20 °C) | ||||
| Thermal expansion | 60.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 8.30 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 961 nΩ·m (at 25 °C) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7439-97-6 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Discovery | Ancient Chinese and Indians (before 2000 BCE) | ||||
Mercury (also known as quicksilver) is a chemical element with the symbol Hg (from its latin name hydrargyrum, meaning silver water) and atomic number 80. It is the only liquid metal at room temperature.
Contents
Properties
Chemical
Mercury is resistant to most acids, although oxidizing acids, such as concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid or aqua regia dissolve it to give its respective sulfate, nitrate, and chloride salts. Mercury has two potential oxidation states (I) and (II). Mercury(I) nitrate, or mercurous nitrate, can be prepared by dissolving mercury in cold dilute nitric acid, while mercury(II) nitrate, mercuric nitrate, can be prepared by dissolving the metal in hot concentrated nitric acid. Like silver, mercury reacts with atmospheric hydrogen sulfide, but unlike silver will also react with solid sulfur, forming mercury sulfide (cinnabar). Elemental sulfur is used to absorb mercury spills and vapors. Mercury will also form amalgams with many metals such as gold, aluminium or alkali metals, but will not dissolve iron, platinum, tantalum and tungsten. Lead-mercury amalgam has the interesting property of being permeable to liquid mercury, but not to other liquids, like water or solvents.[1]
Physical
Mercury is a dense, silvery-white liquid metal. It is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity. Mercury melts at −38.83 °C and boils at 356.73 °C. Unlike most metals that melt at low temperatures, liquid mercury does not wet glass. This property allows him to be easily cleaned from insoluble impurities and being easier to remove if it's spilled on a surface.
Availability
Mercury can be found in medical mercury thermometers. The packaging of these thermometers comes with a warning, that the product contains mercury and is dangerous for the environment. Old blood pressure meters also contain mercury. Other old devices that contain mercury are: old tilt switches, mercury electrodes, mercury manometers, mercury batteries, etc. Old amalgam fillings contain mercury. Some light sources, such as fluorescent lamps contain a minute amount of mercury, albeit too small to be of any importance.
In EU the sale of mercury and its compounds is restricted.
Norway enacted a total ban on the use of mercury in the manufacturing and import/export of mercury products, in 2008.
Isolation
Mercury can be prepared by reducing its salt with a reducing metal, such aluminium, in an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution also has the advantage of destroying any Hg-Al amalgam. However, a better choice would be to use copper. If you use iron, you'll end up with "powdered" mercury, basically mercury mixed with iron impurities, and it's not very easy to purify it. While you can add a non-oxidizing acid or a base to remove the impurities and coalesce the mercury, a better method involves adding metallic copper, which will absorb the mercury droplets, which means that you're better off just using copper in the first place.
A more dangerous method involves roasting cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the resulting mercury vapor. This method is extremely dangerous, as it generate highly toxic mercury vapors.
"Dirty" mercury can be purified by squeezing it through a cloth or through a cotton in a syringe, and collecting the spills in a glass container. This works because mercury does not wet organic materials.
Projects
The use of mercury and mercury compounds in experiments carries a high risk of poisoning, mainly due to its vapors and the volatility of some of its compounds. The biggest risk however, is due to the low LD50 of most of its compounds, their ability to be absorbed through the skin and long delay between poisoning and first symptoms. Any experiments must be performed either outside, in a fume hood or, if possible in a glovebox.
- Pharaoh's serpent (thermal decomposition of mercury(II) thiocyanate)
- Castner–Kellner process
- Make amalgams
- Mercury(II) nitrate synthesis
- Mercury(II) chloride synthesis
- Mercury(II) fulminate synthesis
- Demonstration of mercury's high density, by floating dense items on it
Handling
Safety
Elemental mercury in its liquid form is not very reactive, but its vapors and compounds are extremely toxic. Mercury ions have a long half life in the body, and are potent cumulative toxins. If the metal is dropped onto a porous surface, such as wood, the metal can split into micron-sized beads which will evaporate and fill the room with extremely toxic mercury vapor. Many compounds can rapidly absorb through the skin and cause severe mercury poisoning. This leads to severe medical problems and can eventually lead to death, usually after a longer period of time.
Storage
Mercury should be stored in closed glass or thick plastic bottles, in a special hazardous substance cabinet, with a proper label. A bed of elemental sulfur can also be used, to absorb the leaking mercury vapors.
Mercury compounds should be stored in a similar way.
Disposal
Mercury spills can be removed by adding a mixture of powdered elemental sulfur and zinc. The resulting solid must be then taken to special disposal centers.
