Difference between revisions of "Dysprosium"

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'''Dysprosium''' is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a silvery metal that is very slightly magnetic.
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{{Infobox element
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Dysprosium
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|symbol=Dy
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce ref=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance=Silvery white
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=-
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|below=Cf
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|left=[[Terbium]]
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|right=[[Holmium]]
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|number=66
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|atomic mass=162.500(1)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass ref=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=
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|series comment=
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|series color=
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|group=
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|group comment=
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|period=6
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=f
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery-white
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=1680
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|melting point C=1407
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|melting point F=​2565
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=2840
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|boiling point C=2562
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|boiling point F=4653
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|boiling point ref=
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|boiling point comment=
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|sublimation point F=
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|sublimation point comment=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gplstp comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt=8.54
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|density gpcm3nrt ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3=
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|density gpcm3mp=8.37
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|density gpcm3mp ref=
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|density gpcm3bp=
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|density gpcm3bp ref=
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|density gpcm3bp comment=
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|molar volume ref=
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|molar volume comment=
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point K 2=
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|triple point kPa 2=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|critical point ref=
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|critical point comment=
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|heat fusion=11.06
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion comment=
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|heat fusion 2=
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|heat fusion 2 ref=
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|heat fusion 2 comment=
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|heat vaporization=280
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|heat vaporization ref=
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|heat vaporization comment=
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|heat capacity=27.7
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|heat capacity ref=
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|heat capacity comment=
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 ref=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=1378
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|vapor pressure 10=1523
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|vapor pressure 100=(1704)
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|vapor pressure 1 k=(1954)
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|vapor pressure 10 k=(2304)
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|vapor pressure 100 k=(2831)
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure comment=
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 ref=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states=4, '''3''', 2, 1
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=​(a weakly basic oxide)
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|electronegativity=1.22
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1= 573
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1130
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=2200
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=178
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=192±7
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=
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|Van der Waals radius ref=
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|Van der Waals radius comment=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure prefix=
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|crystal structure ref=
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|crystal structure comment= Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 prefix=
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|crystal structure 2 ref=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound ref=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=2710
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=9.9
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=(α, poly)
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|thermal expansion at 25=
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
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|thermal conductivity=10.7
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity comment=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
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|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
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|electrical resistivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 0=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 20=926·10<sup>-9</sup>
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|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=(α, poly)
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|band gap=
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|band gap ref=
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|band gap comment=
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|Curie point K=
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|Curie point ref=
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|Curie point comment=
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|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|magnetic ordering comment=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=61.4
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Shear modulus=24.7
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Bulk modulus=40.5
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=(α, poly)
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|Poisson ratio=0.247
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=(α, poly)
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|Mohs hardness=
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|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
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|Vickers hardness=410–550
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=500–1050
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|Brinell hardness comment=
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|CAS number=7429-91-6
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|CAS number comment=
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<!-- History -->
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by=Lecoq de Boisbaudran
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|discovery date=1886
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|first isolation by=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
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|engvar=
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}}
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'''Dysprosium''' is a chemical element with the symbol '''Dy''' and atomic number 66. It is a silvery metal that is very slightly magnetic.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
 
===Chemical===
 
===Chemical===
−
Dysprosium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form dysprosium(III) oxide:
+
Dysprosium metal burns readily to form dysprosium(III) oxide:
  
 
:4 Dy + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → 2 Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
 
:4 Dy + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → 2 Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
  
−
Dysprosium metal will slowly react with water at room temperature to release hydrogen:
+
Dysprosium metal will slowly react with water, and far more quickly with mineral acids, at room temperature to release [[hydrogen]]:
  
 
:2 Dy + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 Dy(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>
 
:2 Dy + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 Dy(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>
 +
 +
However, dysprosium dissolves only slowly in weak acids, like [[acetic acid]] or [[citric acid]], even when concentrated.
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
 
Dysprosium is a silvery lanthanide metal. It is soft enough to be scratched with a knife (though cutting it with a knife is time-consuming), and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium and [[holmium]] have the highest magnetic strengths of the elements, especially at low temperatures. When cooled with liquid nitrogen, the metal turns [[ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] from its usual strong [[Paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] state.
 
Dysprosium is a silvery lanthanide metal. It is soft enough to be scratched with a knife (though cutting it with a knife is time-consuming), and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium and [[holmium]] have the highest magnetic strengths of the elements, especially at low temperatures. When cooled with liquid nitrogen, the metal turns [[ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]] from its usual strong [[Paramagnetism|paramagnetic]] state.
  
−
Most dysprosium salts are highly paramagnetic. Some may even be fluorescent, though more research is needed.
+
Most dysprosium salts are highly paramagnetic. Some are also fluorescent.
  
 
==Availability==
 
==Availability==
−
Dysprosium is readily available from source such as Metallium and eBay. [https://www.unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=136 United Nuclear] also sells metallic dysprosium, at 30 $/10g. It is not cheap, but it is less expensive than gold or other precious metals.
+
Dysprosium is readily available from source such as Metallium and eBay. [https://www.unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=136 United Nuclear] also sells metallic dysprosium, 10 g for 30 $. It is not cheap, but it is less expensive than gold or other precious metals.
  
 
==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
−
Metallic dysprosium can be prepared by reducing dysprosium halides with [[calcium]] or [[lithium]]. However, it is far more feasible to just buy the metal.
+
Metallic dysprosium can be prepared by reducing dysprosium halides with [[calcium]] or [[lithium]]. However, it is far more economical to just buy the metal.
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
−
*Dysprosium nitrate
+
*Make [[dysprosium(III) nitrate]]
 
*Make yellow fluorescent salts
 
*Make yellow fluorescent salts
 +
*Dysprosium phthalate coordination polymer?
 +
*Demonstration of paramagnetism
  
−
==Safety==
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==Handling==
−
Dysprosium will react with water to produce hydrogen, which is flammable. Soluble dysprosium salts, such as [[dysprosium chloride]] and [[dysprosium nitrate]], are mildly toxic when ingested. The insoluble salts, however, are non-toxic. Dysprosium fires require a class D fire extinguisher. Water may aggravate dysprosium fires or cause a [[hydrogen ]]explosion.
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===Safety===
 +
Dysprosium will react with water to produce [[hydrogen]], which is flammable. Soluble dysprosium salts, such as [[dysprosium(III) chloride]] and [[dysprosium(III) nitrate]], are mildly toxic when ingested. The insoluble salts, however, are non-toxic. Dysprosium fires require a class D fire extinguisher. Water may aggravate dysprosium fires or cause a [[hydrogen]] explosion.
 +
 
 +
===Storage===
 +
Dysprosium can be stored in air indefinitely without any significant corrosion, likely due to passivation. [[Argon]] and [[mineral oil]] can be used to store it for very long periods of time. Water, acids, and any metal cleaning agent will tarnish dysprosium.
 +
 
 +
===Disposal===
 +
As dysprosium is expensive, it's best to try to recycle it.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 +
No threads so far. Why not make one?
 +
 
[[Category:Elements]]
 
[[Category:Elements]]
 
[[Category:Metals]]
 
[[Category:Metals]]
−
[[Category:Lanthanides]]
 
 
[[Category:Rare earth metals]]
 
[[Category:Rare earth metals]]
 +
[[Category:Lanthanides]]
 +
[[Category:F-block]]
 
[[Category:Reducing agents]]
 
[[Category:Reducing agents]]
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]
 
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]
 +
[[Category:Air-sensitive materials]]

Latest revision as of 17:52, 23 June 2019

Dysprosium,  66Dy
General properties
Name, symbol Dysprosium, Dy
Appearance Silvery white
Dysprosium in the periodic table
-
↑
Dy
↓
Cf
Terbium ← Dysprosium → Holmium
Atomic number 66
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 162.500(1)
Group, block , f-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f10 6s2
per shell
 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
Physical properties
Silvery-white
Phase Solid
Melting point 1680 K ​(1407 °C, ​​2565 °F)
Boiling point 2840 K ​(2562 °C, ​4653 °F)
Density near r.t. 8.54 g/cm3
when liquid, at  8.37 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 11.06 kJ/mol
Heat of 280 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 27.7 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 4, 3, 2, 1 ​​(a weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.22
energies 1st: 573 kJ/mol
2nd: 1130 kJ/mol
3rd: 2200 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 178 pm
Covalent radius 192±7 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod 2710 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 9.9 µm/(m·K) (α, poly)
Thermal conductivity 10.7 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 926·10-9 Ω·m (at 20 °C) (α, poly)
Magnetic ordering Paramagnetic
Young's modulus 61.4 GPa (α, poly)
Shear modulus 24.7 GPa (α, poly)
Bulk modulus 40.5 GPa (α, poly)
Poisson ratio 0.247 (α, poly)
Vickers hardness 410–550 MPa
Brinell hardness 500–1050 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7429-91-6
History
Discovery Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886)
· references

Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a silvery metal that is very slightly magnetic.

Properties

Chemical

Dysprosium metal burns readily to form dysprosium(III) oxide:

4 Dy + 3 O2 → 2 Dy2O3

Dysprosium metal will slowly react with water, and far more quickly with mineral acids, at room temperature to release hydrogen:

2 Dy + 6 H2O → 2 Dy(OH)3 + 3 H2

However, dysprosium dissolves only slowly in weak acids, like acetic acid or citric acid, even when concentrated.

Physical

Dysprosium is a silvery lanthanide metal. It is soft enough to be scratched with a knife (though cutting it with a knife is time-consuming), and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium and holmium have the highest magnetic strengths of the elements, especially at low temperatures. When cooled with liquid nitrogen, the metal turns ferromagnetic from its usual strong paramagnetic state.

Most dysprosium salts are highly paramagnetic. Some are also fluorescent.

Availability

Dysprosium is readily available from source such as Metallium and eBay. United Nuclear also sells metallic dysprosium, 10 g for 30 $. It is not cheap, but it is less expensive than gold or other precious metals.

Preparation

Metallic dysprosium can be prepared by reducing dysprosium halides with calcium or lithium. However, it is far more economical to just buy the metal.

Projects

  • Make dysprosium(III) nitrate
  • Make yellow fluorescent salts
  • Dysprosium phthalate coordination polymer?
  • Demonstration of paramagnetism

Handling

Safety

Dysprosium will react with water to produce hydrogen, which is flammable. Soluble dysprosium salts, such as dysprosium(III) chloride and dysprosium(III) nitrate, are mildly toxic when ingested. The insoluble salts, however, are non-toxic. Dysprosium fires require a class D fire extinguisher. Water may aggravate dysprosium fires or cause a hydrogen explosion.

Storage

Dysprosium can be stored in air indefinitely without any significant corrosion, likely due to passivation. Argon and mineral oil can be used to store it for very long periods of time. Water, acids, and any metal cleaning agent will tarnish dysprosium.

Disposal

As dysprosium is expensive, it's best to try to recycle it.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

No threads so far. Why not make one?

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