View source for Vanadium

{{Infobox element
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|name=Vanadium
|symbol=V
|pronounce=
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|allotropes=
|appearance=Silvery-gray metal
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|above=-
|below=[[Niobium|Nb]]
|left=Titanium
|right=Chromium
|number=23
|atomic mass=50.9415(1)
|atomic mass 2=
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|series=Transition metals
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|group=5
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|group comment=
|period=4
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|period comment=
|block=d
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|block comment=
|electron configuration=[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration comment=
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 11, 2
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|physical properties comment=
|color=Silvery-gray
|phase=Solid
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|phase comment=
|melting point K=2183
|melting point C=1910
|melting point F=3470
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|boiling point K=3680
|boiling point C=3407
|boiling point F=6165
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|density gplstp=
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|density gpcm3nrt=6.0
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|density gpcm3mp=5.5
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|heat fusion=21.5
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|heat vaporization=444
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|heat capacity=24.89
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|vapor pressure 1=2101
|vapor pressure 10=2289
|vapor pressure 100=2523
|vapor pressure 1 k=2814
|vapor pressure 10 k=3187
|vapor pressure 100 k=3679
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
|atomic properties comment=
|oxidation states='''+5''', +4, +3, +2, +1, −1, −3 
|oxidation states ref=
|oxidation states comment=(an amphoteric oxide)
|electronegativity=1.63
|electronegativity ref=
|electronegativity comment=
|ionization energy 1=650.9
|ionization energy 1 ref=
|ionization energy 1 comment=
|ionization energy 2=1414
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|ionization energy 3=2830
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|atomic radius=134
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|covalent radius=153±8
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure comment= body-centered cubic (bcc)
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=4560
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|thermal expansion=
|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25=8.4
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|thermal conductivity=30.7
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|electrical resistivity at 20=197
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|Curie point K=
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|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic
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|tensile strength=
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|Young's modulus=128
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|Shear modulus=47
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|Bulk modulus=160
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|Poisson ratio=0.37
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|Mohs hardness=6.7
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|Vickers hardness=628–640
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|Brinell hardness=600–742
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|CAS number=7440-62-2
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<!-- History -->
|naming=
|predicted by=
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|prediction date=
|discovered by=Andrés Manuel del Río
|discovery date ref=
|discovery date=1801
|first isolation by=Nils Gabriel Sefström
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|first isolation date=1830
|discovery and first isolation by=
|named by=Nils Gabriel Sefström
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|named date=1830
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 }}
'''Vanadium''' is a chemical element with symbol '''V''' and atomic number 23. It is mainly used in industry for high strength steels.

==Properties==
===Chemical===
It has good resistance to corrosion and it is stable against alkali and sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.[12] It is oxidized in air at about 933 K (660 °C, 1220 °F), although an oxide layer forms even at room temperature.

===Physical===
Vanadium is a medium-hard, ductile, malleable, strong silvery-gray or steel-blue metal. Vanadium is harder than most pure metals and common steels. Vanadium has a high melting point of 1910 °C and boils at 3407 °C. Vanadium is lighter than steel, with a density of 6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.

==Availability==
Vanadium is sold by various chemical suppliers.

It can also be extracted from chromium-vanadium steels, generally encountered in tools and other devices. Ferrovanadium is also a source.

==Isolation==
Vanadium can be obtained by reducing [[vanadium pentoxide]] with [[aluminium]], [[magnesium]], or [[hydrogen]]. Note that aluminum is soluble in vanadium, so to isolate pure metal one must not use an excess of aluminum. Magnesium does not share this level of solubility in vanadium metal, but the reaction between V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and Mg is sufficiently energetic to boil the V metal produced.

Pure vanadium metal can be obtained through the thermal decomposition of vanadium(III) iodide:

:2 V + 3 I<sub>2</sub> ⇌ 2 VI<sub>3</sub>

==Projects==
*Make vanadium pentoxide
*Make various high strength steels

==Handling==
===Safety===
Vanadium compounds show toxicity and should be handled with care.

===Storage===
Vanadium should be stored in closed containers.

Vanadium powder should be stored away from air.

===Disposal===
Vanadium should be taken to disposal facilities.

==References==
Elementcollector1: Isolation notes based on experience, feel free to argue.
<references/>
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=62110 Vanadium extraction?]

[[Category:Elements]]
[[Category:Metals]]
[[Category:Transition metals]]
[[Category:Reducing agents]]
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
[[Category:D-block]]