TitusGabonicus
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Ammonium Perchlorate Synthesis
I thought it interesting, the opinion danger level attached to the following reaction: {synthesis of AP, from 'Hawley's Chemical Dictionary'}
Reacting NH4ClO3 with NH4OH and HCL. It has little more detail, and for safety, I will expand no more.
I can see possible reaction mechanisms, producing AP + NH4Cl + NaCL + H2O.
Converting AP to HClO4, using HN03 + HCl, is an extensuion to the question.
If NG is 10 on the synthesis danger scale, how would you rate these reactions?
[Edited on 3-8-2011 by TitusGabonicus]
Scientists for the boycotting of Political assimilation
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hissingnoise
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| Quote: | | Reacting NH4ClO3 with NH4OH and HCL. It has little more detail, and for safety, I will expand no more. |
Just as well, since ammonium chlorate is dangerously sensitive!
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hissingnoise
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AP is prepared by two methods - metathesis with NaClO<sub>4</sub> and neutralisation of HClO<sub>4</sub>.
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AndersHoveland
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One typically would want to reduce out any trace of chlorates, using 20%HCl, before they add an ammonium salt to precipitate out the NH4ClO4, so as to
avoid formation of any unstable ammonium chlorate.
But you are asking what would happen if the ammonium chlorate was reacted with the HCl after. Do not really know.
Hydrogen peroxide actually preferentially attacks hydrochloric acid before it attacks ammonia. Simply mixing H2O2 and NH4OH will not result in any
immediate reaction, whereas mixing H2O2 and HCl immediately results in formation of bubbles (vissible if 30% reactant concentrations are used). This
demonstrates that nitrogen is a more "electronegetive" element than chlorine, despite the fact that formation of diatomic nitrogen is often very
favorable. It would not be possible for NH3 to burn in air if not for the formation of the strong N-N triple bond. (for comparison, HCl gas cannot
burn in air on its own).
The reduction of chloric acid by H2O2 has a very slow reaction rate unless heated, so it may be that, if reacting NH4ClO3 with HCl, the ammonium ions
will generally be safe from direct oxidation. The only way to know for sure is to do the reaction, and see if any (and how much) nitrogen gas results.
Of course, the chlorine generated will then form some of the dangerous NCl3 with the ammonium ions!
ClO3[-] + (6)HCl --> Cl[-] + (3)H2O + (3)Cl2
The reaction forming nitrogen trichloride is actually an equilibrium reaction:
NCl3 + (4)HCl <==> NH4Cl + (3)Cl2
The formation of NCl3 is only favorable within a certain pH range. Very low pH will prefer hydrolysis of NCl3. Alternatively, higher pH will prefer
formation of chloramine instead.
If there is any free ammonia in the reaction, nitrogen gas will tend to form rather than NCl3.
So, yes, such a reaction would potentially be very dangerous, because some NCl3 would likely form in droplets at the bottom. If you do the reaction,
use a plastic container (not glass which can shatter), wear protective eye goggles, and only experiment with very small quantities of reactants. Try
to keep your fingers away from the bottom of the container, where the NCl3 could collect, and possibly explode without warning.
[Edited on 3-8-2011 by AndersHoveland]
I'm not saying let's go kill all the stupid people...I'm just saying lets remove all the warning labels and let the problem sort itself out.
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Rosco Bodine
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Some serious fact checking should be done concerning just about every word in the above post by Anders Hoveland.
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AndersHoveland
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All the above information has already been posted on this forum with references, but here is the information again:
Here is the information about the equilibrium of NCl3:
http://books.google.com/books?id=QQkSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2178&...
The reaction between solutions of chloric acid (HClO3) and hydrogen peroxide does not have any appreciable reaction rate until a temperatures above
70degC. (note that perchlorate is not a reaction product in the decomposition reaction, although it may be likely that traces are formed). experiments
conducted by Sand, published in Zelt phys. Chem.,50, 465 (year 1904)
A mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ammonium hydroxide (in a 1:3 ratio) acts as a reactive oxidizer, which can attack organic compounds and elemental
carbon. The reaction rate is negligible at room temperature, but when heated to 60°C the reaction becomes vigorous and self-sustaining. Such
solutions are sometimes known as "base piranha". With a 1:1:5 volume ratio of NH4OH, H2O2, and H2O, respectively, the half-life times of peroxide were
4 hours at 50°C and 40 minutes at 80°C. "Reaction of Ozone and H2O2 in NH4OH Solutions and Their Reaction with Silicon Wafers" Japanese Journal
Applied Physics. 43 (2004) pp. 3335-3339.
I'm not saying let's go kill all the stupid people...I'm just saying lets remove all the warning labels and let the problem sort itself out.
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Rosco Bodine
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Using an elevated temperature will be the best precaution against nitrogen trichloride formation and against ammonium chlorate formation Your
observations about electronegativity are incorrect. There is no appreciable reaction between H2O2 and HCl. Frankly it is difficult to even understand
how H2O2 is relevant to the topic. Some fact checking would be in order here because you seem to be all over the place with your response that is not
really an answer to the question being asked. The question being asked by the original poster relates to rating the danger of a reaction which does
not take place ....therefore the original post is based upon a premise that is an oxymoron, to "rate the danger" of a reaction which does not occur.
Given that the reaction which is the premise for the question does not hold true,
then how can any of the answers not pointing that out be considered informed or intelligent answers?
[Edited on 4-8-2011 by Rosco Bodine]
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AndersHoveland
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Quote: Originally posted by Rosco Bodine  | There is no appreciable reaction between H2O2 and HCl. Given that the reaction which is the premise for the question does not hold true,
then how can any of the answers not pointing that out be considered informed or intelligent answers?
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Not true.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14490
oxidation by H2O2 was used as a comparison to how acidified chlorate might react, whether it would prefer to oxidize chloride, or ammonium ions.
[Edited on 4-8-2011 by AndersHoveland]
I'm not saying let's go kill all the stupid people...I'm just saying lets remove all the warning labels and let the problem sort itself out.
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Rosco Bodine
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Hilarious ......you give yourself as a reference. This is like answering the question "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" by saying in answer
"It isn't about which came first, but more about the number of fertile eggs
appearing simultaneously at the moment of creation of laying hens, provided by the Lord as a chore for them to do of sitting on the nest when not
pecking corn"
Obviously, God did not want chickens to suffer from boredom. 
By the way, recompiling my words out of context is a really neat trick .....but it is deceptive in that it obscures the meaning of what I said. Hey
Anders, most of us here reside on a planet called Earth. If not too much trouble, could you please join us here and knock off the B.S. with off the
cuff misinformation and pseudoscientific jibberish which just keeps getting you caught at every turn? You are too often speaking authoritatively and
incorrectly in what you are saying.
[Edited on 4-8-2011 by Rosco Bodine]
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AndersHoveland
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| Quote: Originally posted by Rosco Bodine | Hilarious ......you give yourself as a reference. This is like answering the question "which came first, the chicken or the egg?"
By the way, recompiling my words out of context is a really neat trick .....but it is deceptive in that it obscures the meaning of what I said. Hey
Anders, could you knock off the B.S. with off the cuff misinformation and pseudoscientific jibberish which just keeps getting you caught at every
turn?
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What are you talking about? Yes, the link refered to one of my prior posts, but references were given in that post for the reaction of
H2O2+HCl.
(Livingston and Bray, J. American Chem. Society, Volume 47, p2069 (1925) and "Oxidation of Hydrogen chloride with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous
solution" V.I. Skudaev, A.B. Solomonov)
It can be seen on the Pauling electronegativity scale that nitrogen (value of 3.04) has almost the same value as chlorine (3.16). http://www.tutor-homework.com/Chemistry_Help/electronegativi...
Of course, these values to do not correlate to how the elements will behave in all reactions, or what their chemical reactivities at ordinary
temperatures are, but it is at least somewhat indicative.
From two of the above mentioned reactions, it would seem that hydrogen peroxide more readily oxidizes hydrochloric acid than ammonia. But of course,
the chlorine which forms gets reduced back as fast as it forms.
References have been provided for all the reactions that were mentioned. If there are any other reactions that you would like to have references for,
just ask.
Certainly was not trying to be deceptive or misquote you. How do you even perceive that?
[Edited on 5-8-2011 by AndersHoveland]
I'm not saying let's go kill all the stupid people...I'm just saying lets remove all the warning labels and let the problem sort itself out.
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Rosco Bodine
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You recompiled my words to misquote me as if H2O2 was the issue instead
of an original post that was about a reaction which isn't a reaction.
You are still beating the dead horse H2O2 aspect which is irrelevant.
And I did not say there was no reaction.....I said there was no appreciable reaction, as in no significant reaction ratewise or otherwise readily
apparent.
You are not speaking in terms of practical reaction schemes or rates as
would be applicable to a realistic process, if the presumed reaction of the original post was valid and relevant ....which it is not.
Everything that follows and derives from that incorrect premise is revealing.
If you think you elevate yourself to post a hate blog against me have at it,
if you want to descend to a new low. You have come here to a forum where intelligent people try to carry on intelligent discussions which are based
in real science fact, and you take a condescending tone towards readers of this forum as if you were somehow the knowledgeable professor, but what you
say is not of a quality which bears out the presumption you clearly have about the vastness of your own knowledge. Consequently you often state
things that are just flat wrong and it is unscientific and certainly unprofessional. If you read a journal article with some comprehension, you then
take giant leaps in estimating the scope of your own knowledge and it plainly shows. I don't want to argue with
you. I would just ask that you stop posting a lot of things that you don't know but only think without any differentiation between the two. The
decorum around here is not rigid with regards to discussion, but this is a science forum not an anything that can be imagined should be posted for
fact kind of blog, where it then becomes the job of the rest to scratch their heads and wonder how much is truth or fiction.
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AndersHoveland
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Question for TitusGabonicus,
just to clarify, did the entry in 'Hawley's Chemical Dictionary' specifically say that reacting NH4ClO3 with NH4OH and HCL would make ammonium
perchlorate?
It does not seem like any perchlorate would be formed, but cannot be completely sure.
[Edited on 5-8-2011 by AndersHoveland]
I'm not saying let's go kill all the stupid people...I'm just saying lets remove all the warning labels and let the problem sort itself out.
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Rosco Bodine
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Exactly.
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TitusGabonicus
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The 'Hawley edition' of 35 years ago, reads as does its11th..edition.(1984)
Derivation: (Re. NH4ClO4): Interaction of ammonium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorate. Recovery by crystallizatuion.
Sounds scary, its true. I therefore am questioning the accuracy of this procedure. It may be an error? Thus, I placed it to you, to evaluate its
validity. Thank you.
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quicksilver
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| Quote: Originally posted by TitusGabonicus | The 'Hawley edition' of 35 years ago, reads as does its11th..edition.(1984)
Derivation: (Re. NH4ClO4): Interaction of ammonium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorate. Recovery by crystallizatuion.
Sounds scary, its true. I therefore am questioning the accuracy of this procedure. It may be an error? Thus, I placed it to you, to evaluate its
validity. Thank you. |
Welcome. Nice first post. I'm glad you used documented source & it is a question many would have, were they to read the synthesis as presented.
Would you happen to have a scan or copy of the exact synthesis? {Are you sure of the typed example?} Did the material mention temperature(s) control
of the process? And / or control of reactions w/ hydroxide?
I think we're all on the same page in so far as the dangerous nature of ammonium chlorate (in situ or not) during this synthesis but did the author
delve into methods to control the reaction, or caveats regarding manipulation so as to place a level of control therein? Was any
further background given? Occasionally broadly expressed methods are used as means of learning extraneous issues & not as synthesis practicum.
NOTE: Often material available in the UK is tough to find in the USA, especially if you're looking at classroom text.
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dann2
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It's simply an error in the book. Jade Ledgard mush have been reading it too............
http://oxidizing.110mb.com/chlorate/further/cep1957/cep1957....
http://oxidizing.110mb.com/chlorate/further/cep1961/cep1961....
Ammomium Hydroxide + HCl gives Ammonium Chloride + water.
Ammonium Chloride + Sodium Perchlorate (not Chlorate!) gives NaCl + Ammonium Perchlorate (all in water solution)
Crops of Ammonium Perk, must be crystallized out of the solution. Crops of NaCl will also be taken out at the proper times (continous production).
Dann2
[Edited on 16-8-2011 by dann2]
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AndersHoveland
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Yes, it is to be strongly suspected that the book made a mistake. Ammonium chlorate is more likely to result from this procedure, assuming
excess HCl is not used.
I'm not saying let's go kill all the stupid people...I'm just saying lets remove all the warning labels and let the problem sort itself out.
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TitusGabonicus
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I too, think it is an error.
Hawley has been one of my 'desert island books', for many years.
It is a marvellous text, but you could still lose fingers, lest you triplecheck reactions from ANY source. Least of all when dealing with
(per)chlorates.
My thanks to those who contributed.
If 'Hawley' has any comment, I'm sure it would be well received.
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Hennig Brand
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This is from the same website that dann2 linked to, very good website. It has a method for making ammonium perchlorate starting with the commonly
available potassium perchlorate. It seems like it would work, and not be all that difficult either. Ammonium sulfate is a very common/cheap fertilizer
which is easily obtained.
I made 500g of potassium perchlorate with the help of that website over a year ago. I like that website.
Attachment: Ammonium Perchlorate from Potassium Perchlorate.docx (15kB)
This file has been downloaded 1956 times
Edit:
After reading the thread a bit more carefully I realize I am not really on topic. I will leave it anyway, as I think it is interesting.
[Edited on 21-8-2011 by Hennig Brand]
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dann2
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@HB
Stop, stop you making me blush FFS!!!!!!!!!
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Hennig Brand
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Sorry about that. You blush easily do you?
So that is your website then. I was never 100% sure, but I did get the impression that you were somehow connected to it. Well, if it makes you
uncomfortable I'll lay off the compliments, but it still is a nice collection of information on the topic.
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WillCourney
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It would be a good topic for my next coursework. I'll learn more about it and will start to write with some service's help.
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Laboratory of Liptakov
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NH4ClO4
Ammonium Perchlorate from Potassium Perchlorate.docx ( 15kB) One from best information about NH4ClO4 preparation ever. Genious method.
Development of primarily - secondary substances CHP (2015) Lithex (2022) Brightelite (2023) Nitrocelite and KC primer (2024)
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