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grndpndr
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Theoretically If it did take 10x approx 1/4gram to reach full detonation that would = approx 2.5grams.IIRC approx 2.8 gr fills 1ml3 @ its highest
density/vod. that doesnt amount to much volume in a .25 ID cap
given PB picrates density.Ballpark IIRC thats about a 1 3/4 in long cap with 1 gram PA also pressed to its optimum density.
Forgive my stubborness but I think that how edison maDE his breakthroughs.Im not claiming to be an edison simply possesing a stubborn streak.No
offense!
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hiperion42
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Attachment discusses the mix of picric acid with litharge for use as a initiator capable of detonating the nitrated phenol.
Attachment: AD410390.pdf (206kB)
This file has been downloaded 991 times
.....ejuu....................................................................Ffg..............................g.............
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Blasty
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Quote: Originally posted by hiperion42  | | Attachment discusses the mix of picric acid with litharge for use as a initiator capable of detonating the nitrated phenol. |
Is there a continuation to that interesting paper? It seems the author was planning more tests of the improvised detonator, and whether or not it
could be used with ammonium nitrate and oxidizer-fuel explosives.
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quicksilver
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One of the difficulty in commercial study papers of this type (Remington Arms Corp submitted for Gov't review) is that occasionally they are offshoots
of accidents or studies of "concept methods". Picric acid had been subject to periodic tragedies via the (accidental) emergence of picric - metal
salts in storage conditions. However when submitted, expressions such as "squib" are often used to describe items that have a direct bearing on the
utility and efficiency of the technique. The reader then does not fully know what was the composition of the initiator.
Truly high quality Picric acid would initiate with the basically same circumstances as many other benzene-ring nitrated materials. In fact TNP is one
of the more sensitive of that group and equivalent of the "standard #6" fuse cap: compressed mercury fulminate would substantially fill the need.
Because we don't know what is meant by "squib" when used to describe the initiation of the possible lead picrate; we might even have a minor explosive
charge in train. These unknowns put us at a disadvantage for evaluation.
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The WiZard is In
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| Quote: Originally posted by Blasty |
Is there a continuation to that interesting paper? It seems the author was planning more tests of the improvised detonator, and whether or not it
could be used with ammonium nitrate and oxidizer-fuel explosives. |
I did a Vulcan Mind Meld with la Net, and yes, however, only the July report can be DL'd gratis. The others
can be had from the NTIS. [$$$]
1. Title: DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVES AND INITIATORS FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS
Personal Author: Johnson, Theodore B
Corporate Author: REMINGTON ARMS CO INC BRIDGEPORT CT
Source Code: 301600
Page Count: 8 page(s)
AD Number: AD0410390
Report Date: 01 MAY 1963
Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Report Classification: U - Unclassified
Collection: Technical Reports
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVES AND INITIATORS FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS.
Personal Author: Johnson,Theodore B
Corporate Author: REMINGTON ARMS CO INC BRIDGEPORT CONN
Source Code: 301600
Page Count: 1 page(s)
AD Number: AD0416303
Report Date: 10 JUL 1963
Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Report Classification: U - Unclassified
Collection: Technical Reports
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVES AND INITIATORS FOR SPECIAL WARFARE OPERATION...
Personal Author: Johnson,Theodore B
Corporate Author: REMINGTON ARMS CO INC BRIDGEPORT CONN
Source Code: 301600
Page Count: 3 page(s)
AD Number: AD0425772
Report Date: 01 SEP 1963
Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Report Classification: U - Unclassified
Collection: Technical Reports
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVES AND INITIATORS FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS
Personal Author: Johnson, Theodore B
Corporate Author: REMINGTON ARMS CO INC BRIDGEPORT CT
Source Code: 301600
Page Count: 6 page(s)
AD Number: AD0425771
Report Date: 31 AUG 1963
Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Report Classification: U - Unclassified
Collection: Technical Reports
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVES AND INITIATORS FOR SPECIAL WARFARE OPERATION...
Personal Author: Kenney,J F Johnson,Theodore B
Corporate Author: REMINGTON ARMS CO INC BRIDGEPORT CONN
Source Code: 301600
Page Count: 3 page(s)
AD Number: AD0425773
Report Date: 01 OCT 1963
Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Report Classification: U - Unclassified
Collection: Technical Reports
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVES AND INITIATORS FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS.
Personal Author: Johnson,Theodore B
Corporate Author: REMINGTON ARMS CO INC BRIDGEPORT CONN
Source Code: 301600
Page Count: 2 page(s)
AD Number: AD0416302
Report Date: 01 JUN 1963
Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Report Classification: U - Unclassified
Collection: Technical Reports
---------
Dr. Dupre [1889] made the interesting observation that a mixture of two
parts by weight litharge (oxide of lead) with one part picric acid
detonates violently when heated. I will heat one grain of this
mixture on this piece of tin-plate, and this quantity will be sufficient
to give a very sharp explosion.
http://tinyurl.com/3sc5fb8
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The WiZard is In
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| Quote: Originally posted by Blasty | | Quote: Originally posted by hiperion42 | | Attachment discusses the mix of picric acid with litharge for use as a initiator capable of detonating the nitrated phenol. |
Is there a continuation to that interesting paper? It seems the author was planning more tests of the improvised detonator, and whether or not it
could be used with ammonium nitrate and oxidizer-fuel explosives. |
Well ... the small arms cartridge case detonator
made it into the Low Albedo Book(s), however, use
litharge and PA in it did not.
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Blasty
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It seems the author of those reports was working along these lines, noticed at least as far back as the 1890s:
"A very crude admixture of metallic oxides or nitrates, notably litharge, lime, and the nitrates of lead, and strontium, with picric acid, will, on
the application of heat, detonate, and such detonation will extend to contiguous masses of the unmixed acid. The heat first induces the formation of
picrates, and its continued application causes their detonation."
http://books.google.com/books?id=_4lBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR38&am...
It would be interesting to read what explosives he managed to successfully detonate with these litharge-picric acid mixtures + pure picric acid
booster.
[Edited on 13-4-2011 by Blasty]
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quicksilver
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Some elements of this issue rest in the level of efficiency of the stated primary. A great many things can eventually develop a detonation wave (or
energy transmission in general) strong enough to transmit energy from primary to secondary. The contingency is amount (weight/volume) of the primary
in question. Use enough of many materials and you could develop a train of enough energy to initiate the secondary; the question is how much is
enough? Additionally, is this the best or appropriate example of method(s)?
What's more if we examine a simplistic technique to synthesize a salt it may not necessarily be the most effective example of that salt.
A very good example is lead picrate. Carefully synthesized basic lead picrate is decidedly more efficient than poorly or haphazardly made normal lead
pirate, etc.
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Blasty
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| Quote: Originally posted by quicksilver | Some elements of this issue rest in the level of efficiency of the stated primary. A great many things can eventually develop a detonation wave (or
energy transmission in general) strong enough to transmit energy from primary to secondary. The contingency is amount (weight/volume) of the primary
in question. Use enough of many materials and you could develop a train of enough energy to initiate the secondary; the question is how much is
enough? Additionally, is this the best or appropriate example of method(s)?
What's more if we examine a simplistic technique to synthesize a salt it may not necessarily be the most effective example of that salt.
A very good example is lead picrate. Carefully synthesized basic lead picrate is decidedly more efficient than poorly or haphazardly made normal lead
pirate, etc. |
There's several things to consider as to why the author of those reports is choosing these methods. He seems to have been interested in improvising
detonators + explosive charges from relatively common & available materials and without requiring too complicated processes or apparati (a kind of
"MacGyver" thing.) Also, it seems from the descriptions of these picric acid + litharge/lime/nitrate mixtures that they only mention their explosion
with heat, apparently not with friction or impact, or at least not easily enough to make a pertinent note of it. Since the picrates do not seem to
form until heat is applied to such mixtures, this might have to do with their more relative safety over using the actual picrates already prepared.
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quicksilver
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Good point. An interesting experiment would be an "exposure level" experiment. Wherein the tri-nitrated (or lower for that matter) material is simply
exposed to a metallic salt in various conditions and from that, determined what (if any) resultant picate would be synthesized. Indeed, we could go
beyond a focused synthesis & test whether (not to lead this discussion astray but expound upon a theme) time, heat, solvency, mother liqueur,
pressure / density, etc...contribute to a synthesis? Improvisational techniques may benefit from "accidental" synthesis analysis in things of this
nature.
Such experiments could answer what level of heat, solvency, pressure, density are required to bring about a resultant primary (in this case). It could
lead further to a look at other benzene-ring nitrated materials in their capacity to serve in the same context in the synthesis of a primary. Is
picric acid the most efficient candidate for such a thing, etc?
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Hades_Foundation
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| Quote: Originally posted by hiperion42 | Attachment discusses the mix of picric acid with litharge for use as a initiator capable of detonating the nitrated phenol.
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Forgive my ignorance, but isn't this just research for TM31-210 Improvised Munitions (section 1 No 20)?
http://cryptome.org/tm-31-210-pdf.zip
sorry if I'm stating the obvious.
[Edited on 15-4-2011 by Hades_Foundation]
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497
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Well this picric acid synth is different all right. So I thought this looked like the appropriate thread.
According to the this paper, boiling various p-substituted phenols is pretty dilute HNO3, sometimes with vanadium oxide as a catalyst will yield picric acid. This
is new to me.
The best option if you can get it looks to be p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They boiled it in excess "4N or 8N" HNO3 for 1-3 hours and got around 70% yields
of picric acid. The main byproduct is oxalic acid which they remove from the solution by addition of Ca(NO3)2.
p-OH-benzoic acid can be made in >90% yields by thermal rearrangement of the dipotassium salt of salicylic acid at around 220*C for a 2-3 hours. Or
you could just buy "methyl paraben" and hydrolyze to p-OH-benzoic acid (in situ possibly?), its pretty cheap and available in quantity.
Alternatively you can go with an even easier to get substrate, tyrosine. To oxidize the side chain to the benzoic acid intermediate you have to add
some vanadium pentoxide catalyst though. But it is like $40/lb and tyrosine is under $20/pound.. They boiled it in 8N(~40%) HNO3 for an hour and then
raised the concentration to about 9.5N and boiled for a further 2 hours to get a 45% yield of picric acid.
They tried it on phenylalanine and got p-nitrobenzoic acid in 40% yield. Maybe useful for other purposes?
Also worth noting that they got 95% yield of picric acid from dinitrohydroxybenzoic acid by boiling in 10 times its weight of plain old 8N HNO3.
It doesn't look like any of these reactions were optimized much. I'm pretty sure you could improve the yields substantially. I would also be very
interested to see what happened to salicylic acid or aspirin in these conditions..
One thing I like about this route is that the acid is very reusable and you can avoid mixtures with H2SO4 if desired. Just cool the solution after the
reaction, separate the precipitated crystals of PA, precipitate oxalic acid as its calcium salt, and you're good to start again. Once the water formed
dilutes it too much, you can just boil it out, maybe even continuously during the reaction. If reused extensively it seems good yields based on HNO3
could be obtained. If using tyrosine NH4NO3 will eventually build up in the acid solution.
I would assume that a solution made by filtering the precipitated sulfate salt from a mixture of dilute H2SO4 + XNO3 and boiling it down to the
correct concentration would provide an effective alternative to distilled HNO3.
I'm not trying to say that this is a superior method to Rosco's aspirin sulfonation/nitration procedure, at least until someone tests it  But it's at least another alternative which may be advantageous in certain
situations for a number of reasons, such as no need for H2SO4, easier reaction conditions (avoids foaming, stirring, exotherms, gradual additions of
reagents) and no waste mixed acids. Another possible advantage is its lack of ability to detonate since no solid PA is present until cooling, and the
liquid phase should always have far too much water to be detonable. Maybe it is more amenable to scale up than a traditional mixed acid nitration?
I've never seen anything similar to it for PA synthesis, though I haven't read this whole thread. What do you think?
P.S. On a less related note, I'm curious what you guys think are the best or most interesting energetic derivatives of PA? Sadly I don't have any
means available to chlorinate it to picryl chloride, so derivatives based on that aren't an option.
Wow, never knew TATB was this easy! React PA with urea to get 88% yield picramide, the aminate that with hydroxylamine + NaOEt in DMSO for a 50-74% yield of TATB! Cool! Too bad I'm not drilling oil wells...
[Edited on 1-7-2011 by 497]
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quicksilver
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I found this quote interesting:
"Morner (1915) (2) has obtained p-nitrobenzoic acid, picric acid, and
oxalic acid as well as the several other substances by oxidising protein
with nitric acid, and he pointed out that the parent substance of nitrobenzoic
acid was phenylalanine and those of picric acid were tyrosine and
phenylalanine which arose from the protein during the treatment with
nitric acid."
Remembering many of those very old protein-acid synthesis for picric acid ( such as horn, wool, etc), the concept of tyrosine makes sense. What's
more the refluxing was only taking place for 2 hours (re: small yields).
What's interesting about the paper from a historical perspective is that it was published in 1941 (war years).
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497
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Based on this old book and other references boiling of salicin in nitric acid eventually yields picric acid. I assume it would be formed by oxidation to (nitro)salicylic acid then decarboxylation and
further nitration. One book even said picric acid of "remarkable purity" was obtained by boiling salicin in nitric acid.
This would seem to indicate that simply boiling acetyl salicylic acid in HNO3 of similar concentrations to the above japanese paper would give at
least moderate and possibly good yields of PA under the right conditions. It may be worthwhile to hydrolyze ASA into SA before nitration if it turns
out that the acetic acid from ASA increases the solubility of PA in HNO3 solutions appreciably.
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Jimbo Jones
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I think SA is also OTC and may be found dirty cheap (compared to ASA) in the local pharmacy store.
Interesting found 497.
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Rosco Bodine
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Hey even Rosco said his tried and true good old country organic synthesis was not necessarily optimized and could probably be improved, but is a good
starting point if you don't have another method that works better ....red goo complications loom large as a potentially big one  Actually aspirin is hard to beat for a precursor in terms of price and
availability, but sure there are a dozen different potentially useful precursors and several of them are better than phenol in economy and
convenience. I think it is probably possible to make picric acid using a slow dripped addition of the nitrating material as a concentrated aqueous
solution or possibly a low temperature melt from a heated funnel, consisting of one or several nitrates in a mix with either water or nitric acid.
I'm just not sure what is the mix of conditions and concentrations peculiar to such anticipated schemes which will produce optimum results. The
variables are there to make the final nitration a bit finicky about temperatures and times and concentrations and they are interactively
interdependant on what curve the reaction follows so any process is likely to require some process modeling and fine tuning of reaction parameters to
get the best result. Certainly scaleup will be favored by the nature of which process is worked out with that end in mind. Many of the nitrations
reported are scale dedicated and work fine until you start changing the scale up or down. Then you get differing thermodynamics and reaction rates
which leads to a lot of process algebra to work things out for the differing batch size. Actually that is generally true for more things than just
nitrations. So anybody having a go at scale changes should be prepared for surprises which may be small or not so small.
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The WiZard is In
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Another Kitchen Tested receipt from one of my Uncle's
Low Albedo Books
   
At no extra charge - One Hundred Years of Asprin
from The Lancet.
Attachment: Chem asprin.pdf (70kB)
This file has been downloaded 1024 times
djh
----
Turn you yellow dye into
a brown dye.
Very sensitive to impact and friction —
violently explosive potassium purpurate
is prepared using KCN and PA.
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Bot0nist
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Nice recipe Wiz. Who is the 'Official Use Only" for?
BTW, I love how you wield language. "low albedo" I quote you often in the real world.
[Edited on 5-7-2011 by Bot0nist]
U.T.F.S.E. and learn the joys of autodidacticism!
Don't judge each day only by the harvest you reap, but also by the seeds you sow.
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The WiZard is In
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| Quote: Originally posted by Bot0nist | Nice recipe Wiz. Who is the 'Official Use Only" for?
BTW, I love how you wield language. "low albedo" I quote you often in the real world.
[Edited on 5-7-2011 by Bot0nist] |
Official Use Only
Is the lowest level of US Gov classifications followed by;
Confidential
Secret
Top Secret
Gov. Telephone book are often Official use only.
In years gone by - The CIA would have paid you a pile
of money for a Kremlin one!
djh
----
Where everything is secret -
Nothing is secret.
Anon.
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caterpillar
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I love this acid, and made it many times. This nice compaud can be readely prepared without HNO3- one may use KNO3 (or NaNO3) instead. Phenol 250 gr
plus sulphuric acid 800 gr (I took acid for accumulators, it was probably 92-94%). Put phenol into acid an keep one our at 100 Celsius by means of
simple water bath. Put 1600 gr of sulphuric acid into a flask and add 1000 gr of KNO3. Cool this mixture down to 20 Celsius and slowly add cooled
phenol, diluted in H2SO4. This mixture must not be hot. This process took some ours for me (I couldn't cool this mixture, because I used simple glass
bottle). When all phenol has been added, wait for one night. At the next day slowly increase temperature up to 100 and keep at this temperature for
one our. Finally put reaction mixture into large volume (10 liters) of cold water with crushed ice. Picric acid will precipitate. Wash with mall
amount of cool water. Use gloves!!! My parents knew, when I made such experiments because yellow color cannot be removed from hands for one week. It
would be better to convert picric acid to ammonium salt. It is less sensitive and do not corrode metals.
Women are more perilous sometimes, than any hi explosive.
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Bot0nist
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caterpillar, Welcome to SciMad!
I also think TNP is a very interesting compound. Such beautiful crystals, and all the brisance one could need. Here in the bowels of the forum it has
been discussed to death, and a search of TNP, picric acid, picrates, etc will yield so much good information that you'll be reading for days. In one
of my past searches I uncovered a wonderful write up done by our very own Rosco Bodine. This write up has been scaled down a bit and ran multiply
times, always with a beautiful product free of red and brown oxidized trash and superior yields when working from recrystallized acetylsalicylic acid.
<a href="http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=4457#pid53029">picric acid from ASA , NaNO3 and 92%
H2SO4</a>
U.T.F.S.E. and learn the joys of autodidacticism!
Don't judge each day only by the harvest you reap, but also by the seeds you sow.
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quicksilver
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DNP and TNP can visually construct similar crystallization architecture. The simplest method to determine if the product is TRI-nitrated is impact.
50mg in a small foil enclosure when struck, steel against steel will explode with violence (-=goggles=- foil flies, etc). The majority of nitrated
products contain a percentage of lower nitration. When this lower nitrated percentage is substantial (especially w/ TNP) there will be no impact
detonation. Benzene-ring nitration (especially those which utilize sulfonization) have few sensitive products that can be tested in this way. but
fortunately TNP does respond to impact. Blurring the distinction is the use of DNP to form picrates (which it will). Impact test should always be kept
at a very small level (50mg) as some products have a superior brisance (NC) and can possibly chip one of the steel surfaces. (USBoM 1914 "Commercial
Impact Testing")
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caterpillar
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As I know, even during WWII shells of large calibers was been loaded with TNP (with small addiction of nitrophenole, probably to decrease melting
point). In Germany it was called "sprengstoffe 88". kalium salt of TNP is the remarkable compound too. Small piece of ti, been ignited, flyes like a
rocket leaving behind black smoke. But if same compound is ignited in restricted volume it explodes without primer and leaves no smoke. I read once
about a rocket propellant: 45% of ammonium picrate, 45% of NaNO3 and 10% of come organic binder, but I never tested it.
Women are more perilous sometimes, than any hi explosive.
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chem77
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I don't know if threads ever die here, but seeing as this one spans 9 years, I assume they don't.
I've successfully made picric acid in the past, but today, my synthesis didn't work at all. I used the ASA + H2SO4 + KNO3 method, and I realized
something was horrible wrong when I poured the acid mixture into the ice bath. This was always my favorite step because the dark red solution would
burst into a brilliant yellow solution when it hit the cold water, but this time, the color never changed. I just poured the black/brown solution into
the water and nothing happened.
I figured that maybe this discoloration would go away when I recrystallized the picric acid, but as I added the thick brown sludge to my boiling
water, the water simply turned black. I decided that I wouldn't be able to salvage the picric acid because I was pretty sure I had more of this
black/brown sludge than I had picric acid, though, I do know picric acid was produced because when I poured the stuff down the drain, as I diluted it,
the water partially turned the classic yellow of picric acid.
Now, I'm tying to figure out what this stuff is. I tried burning it and it didn't burn, but it expanded like those pyrotechnic carbon snakes. There
was only one step that seemed strange when I was making the picric acid, and that was when I mixed the ASA and the H2SO4. Rather than letting the
alcohol evaporate off, I usually just boil down the mixture until the temperature rises to > 100C, that way I know all the alcohol is gone. But
this time, since I didn't want to deal with the solidified block of ASA, I added in 1/3 of my H2SO4 (due to measuring device size) to the ASA while it
was still hot (potentially > 100C).
After I added this bit of H2SO4, the mixture let off a bunch of gas and turned rather black. I figured it was just CO2 and I thought, "Screw
de-esterfication, the H2SO4 simply ripped the acid group off the aspirin." But, is it possible the the acid actually destroyed the ASA? I'm not
exactly sure what might have happened, but could it be something similar to the H2SO4 + sugar snake?
I have a feeling this step is where it all went wrong, but could the acid actually have turned the ASA to carbon (or similar)?
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Kalium
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Have you ruled out the possibility that some sort of soluble additive was added to the aspirin? I don't think that the acid decomposed the ASA but I'm
no expert. Personally I'd rather buy pure SA (used for homemade cosmetics), knowing that there shouldn't be any complications.
Oh, and the threads never die. People here get really worked up if you start a new one with a topic that already exists.
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