Draeger
Hazard to Others
Posts: 185
Registered: 31-1-2020
Location: North-Rhine Westfalia, Germany
Member Is Offline
Mood: Slowly getting ready for new projects
|
|
How to start organic chemistry?
I want to really start doing organic chemistry, but I am not really sure what the simplest things to do are. I can easily teach myself, but I don't
know what to synthesize. I don't just want to haphazardly do anything like just making Grignard reactions and then suddenly doing an esterification. I
want to have some sort of order.
Does anyone have an idea?
Collected elements:
Al, Cu, Ga, C (coal), S, Zn, Na
Collected compounds:
Inorganic:
NaOH; NaHCO3; MnCl2; MnCO3; CuSO4; FeSO4; aq. 30-33% HCl; aq. NaClO; aq. 9,5% ammonia; aq. 94-96% H2SO4; aq. 3% H2O2
Organic:
citric acid, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, petroleum, mineral oil
|
|
|
Cou
National Hazard
Posts: 958
Registered: 16-5-2013
Member Is Offline
Mood: Mad Scientist
|
|
Fischer esterification is a good start. One of the easiest organic reactions. You can buy cheap glacial acetic acid and sulfuric acid from www.dudadiesel.com, and an assortment of alcohols and carboxylic acids from www.consolidated-chemical.com or by searching ebay and amazon.
isopentyl acetate is a fun one. It smells like bananas. you can get acetic acid from www.dudadiesel.com, and isopentyl alcohol (called isoamyl alcohol on the site) from www.consolidated-chemical.com
After mastering fischer esterification, I am slowly branching out to other organic reactions, such as using hydrobromic acid to convert alcohols to
alkyl bromides, and using those alkyl bromides for grignard reactions.
Esters and alcohol synthesis is fun b/c of the smells. There are thousands of possibilities with isomers.
[Edited on 7-24-2020 by Cou]
|
|
|
Tsjerk
International Hazard
Posts: 3032
Registered: 20-4-2005
Location: Netherlands
Member Is Offline
Mood: Mood
|
|
Maybe isolate some aspirin, deactylate it and do an esterfication with methanol? While at it you can make some iron(III) solution to play around with
to see where there is and where there isn't salicylic acid in the process.
|
|
|
CharlieA
National Hazard
Posts: 646
Registered: 11-8-2015
Location: Missouri, USA
Member Is Offline
Mood: No Mood
|
|
Maybe you could consult a first-year organic chemistry laboratory manual for ideas, and to give you some ideas for a program to follow.
|
|
|
Amos
International Hazard
Posts: 1406
Registered: 25-3-2014
Location: Yes
Member Is Offline
Mood: No
|
|
There's lots of simple stuff you can begin to do just for the practical experience, even if it doesn't always lead to a product you necessarily
appreciate on its own. You can:
-Buy some aliphatic or aromatic feedstocks to bulk up on building blocks (toluene, a benzoate salt for making benzene, simple straight chain alcohols,
aspirin, vanillin, if you want to get creative perhaps benzyl alcohol and some amino acids)
-Try oxidizing an alcohol to an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid. There are lots of ways to do this depending on your substrate and what you have
available.
-Esterify your favorite alcohol or carboxylic acid a la Fischer. This is especially rewarding if you can prepare salicylic, cinnamic or anthranilic
acid, or another precursor to the really great smelling ones.
-Try steam-distilling or soxhlet extracting some plant matter or even a dried spice or herb in bulk to prepare some essential oils. Some of these can
even be processed into pure compounds for your experimentation (eugenol from cloves, cinnamaldehyde/cinnamic acid from cinnamon oil, etc.).
-Perform an aromatic substitution, the easiest of which would probably be nitration. Start small with exothermic reactions like the one I just
mentioned.
-Prepare a dye! Red and yellow azo dyes are painfully simple, anthraquinones are accessible if you've got phthalic anhydride, and phenolphthalein is
always a classic for the budding organic chemist.
-Prepare an alkyl halide (time to get yourself some sodium bromide if you haven't) and substitute the halide for another group. Maybe even a Grignard
if you're feeling frisky.
|
|
|
Draeger
Hazard to Others
Posts: 185
Registered: 31-1-2020
Location: North-Rhine Westfalia, Germany
Member Is Offline
Mood: Slowly getting ready for new projects
|
|
Quote: Originally posted by Amos  | There's lots of simple stuff you can begin to do just for the practical experience, even if it doesn't always lead to a product you necessarily
appreciate on its own. You can:
-Buy some aliphatic or aromatic feedstocks to bulk up on building blocks (toluene, a benzoate salt for making benzene, simple straight chain alcohols,
aspirin, vanillin, if you want to get creative perhaps benzyl alcohol and some amino acids)
-Try oxidizing an alcohol to an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid. There are lots of ways to do this depending on your substrate and what you have
available.
-Esterify your favorite alcohol or carboxylic acid a la Fischer. This is especially rewarding if you can prepare salicylic, cinnamic or anthranilic
acid, or another precursor to the really great smelling ones.
-Try steam-distilling or soxhlet extracting some plant matter or even a dried spice or herb in bulk to prepare some essential oils. Some of these can
even be processed into pure compounds for your experimentation (eugenol from cloves, cinnamaldehyde/cinnamic acid from cinnamon oil, etc.).
-Perform an aromatic substitution, the easiest of which would probably be nitration. Start small with exothermic reactions like the one I just
mentioned.
-Prepare a dye! Red and yellow azo dyes are painfully simple, anthraquinones are accessible if you've got phthalic anhydride, and phenolphthalein is
always a classic for the budding organic chemist.
-Prepare an alkyl halide (time to get yourself some sodium bromide if you haven't) and substitute the halide for another group. Maybe even a Grignard
if you're feeling frisky. |
Thank you.
Collected elements:
Al, Cu, Ga, C (coal), S, Zn, Na
Collected compounds:
Inorganic:
NaOH; NaHCO3; MnCl2; MnCO3; CuSO4; FeSO4; aq. 30-33% HCl; aq. NaClO; aq. 9,5% ammonia; aq. 94-96% H2SO4; aq. 3% H2O2
Organic:
citric acid, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, petroleum, mineral oil
|
|
|
Syn the Sizer
National Hazard
Posts: 600
Registered: 12-11-2019
Location: Canada
Member Is Offline
|
|
I was given this suggestion a while back and it helped me a lot. Checkout some ChemPlayer on BitChute.
https://www.bitchute.com/channel/2vWmMgSEZ2jf/
Some good reagents to have on have are, urea, phthalic anhydride, common acids, you could get some sodium or potassium sorbate, solvents like acetone,
xylene and alcohols. Have some drying agents like MgSO4, CaCl2 etc.
Also like CharlieA possibly check a 1st year O-Chem lab book too, I am pretty sure z-lib has a bunch free, as well as the Science Madness library has
books on O-Chem with some good information. There is even a 5 book series dedicated to organic reactions.
As well many YouTubers have some fun and interesting reactions.
It is tough to decide where to start, O-Chem can be very overwhelming, specially when first starting out. I suggest finding something you are
interested in and go from there. Like Cou said Fischer Esterification is a great start, it will help you build a supply of reagents and is very
rewarding. As well it gives you something to show off to your friends that have pleasant smells.
My first project was extraction of piperine from black pepper using my makeshift extractor using a distilation set, a Sep funnel as the receiving
flask a plug of cotton at the bottom and pepper inside. As the hot solvent dripped into the Sep funnel it ran through to a flask underneath. Sure it
was labour intensive having to transfer the solution to the boiling flask periodically but seeing the crystals at the end was awesome.
|
|
|
Cou
National Hazard
Posts: 958
Registered: 16-5-2013
Member Is Offline
Mood: Mad Scientist
|
|
Vogel's practical organic chemistry, 5th edition, has some good procedures for amateur labs. https://b-ok.cc/book/436741/236a18
Modern day 1st year o-chem lab books used in universities often start with more obscure chemicals that are hard to find, or they are microscale.
|
|
|
Syn the Sizer
National Hazard
Posts: 600
Registered: 12-11-2019
Location: Canada
Member Is Offline
|
|
The O-Chem lab book from my course was decent. It had good entry level reactions with easy to find reagents. Though the Authors call it A Miniscale
Approach.
https://m.directtextbook.com/isbn/9780030192388
I got mine used but like new, I ripped it apart not long ago and intend to scan it but I recently moved and am not settled in yet.
Is there a prefered format when listing book or is an HTML link fine?
|
|
|
fdnjj6
Banned by request
Posts: 114
Registered: 20-2-2019
Member Is Offline
Mood: Pissed
|
|
I am sort of in your boat as well. I posted something similarly in the organic chemistry section. I have been doing amateur chemistry as a hobby for a
while now and so I have a decent amount of glassware and equipment.
Some of the projects I have planned are:
Making a biodiesel via a transesterification of ricinoleic acid (castor oil) and methanol.
While this reaction can be done easily in a beaker, I want to use it to test some of my new glassware that is arriving soon.
Another project is isopropyl nitrite. Beware though it is a veryyy potent vasolidator. Honesltly I wouldn't recommend this one unless you have
experience.
Chlorobutanol is seemingly simple enough and something I want to make in the near future.
The current synthesis I working on was recommended to me by people in the thread I started. Benzocaine.
You can make benazocaine easily if you just buy the precursor p-aminobenzoic acid. It is sold as PABA and I think it's some additive or supplement.
I'm not sure. I wanted to do a total synthesis though. Starting from bare bones.
The reaction is as follows:
toluene --> nitrotoluene --> p-nitrotoluene --> p-nitrobenzoic acid --> p-aminobenzoic acid --> ethyl p-aminobenzoate aka benzocaine
The reaction is fairly complex to me since it is my first multi step organic synthesis but it is certainly doable for a moderately equipped amateur.
I have learned a LOT so far. The only problems I am having is that the steps I have to find separately and they are hard to find at least for me.
Chemplayer made benzocaine starting from toluene too but he ends up using dichromates (FUCK THAT) and a completely different reducing agent. A few of
the steps I'll be doing are actually requiring me to use my brain and pull together a sort of frankenstein procedure pulling different things from
different synthesis papers and videos. I think I have most of it figured out and I have started extracting the toluene from carb cleaner. I need to
distill it to purify and go from there.
|
|
|
Eddie Current
Hazard to Self
Posts: 78
Registered: 25-7-2018
Member Is Offline
|
|
1) Read. Lots.
2) Don't huff sulfur dioxide.
[Edited on 31-7-2020 by Eddie Current]
|
|
|
Dr.Bob
International Hazard
Posts: 2732
Registered: 26-1-2011
Location: USA - NC
Member Is Offline
Mood: No Mood
|
|
I would look around for some older sophmore organic lab manuals, like Fiesers, Vogel, etc, maybe there is a German equivalent to them. Older ones
tend to have good experiments that are simple but interesting. See if you can find other people with the same interest nearby, or maybe a small
chemical company where you can do some work or intern.
|
|
|
Mateo_swe
National Hazard
Posts: 541
Registered: 24-8-2019
Location: Within EU
Member Is Offline
|
|
This ebook website has a ton of chemistry books as well as books on other topics.
For guests its a 5 ebook daily download limit.
https://1lib.eu/
|
|
|
![[*]](images/xpblue/default_icon.gif){kind=icon}
