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Embalming
US Patent No 428,161 (1890)
Preserving Compound
Bodies with or without previous treatment were to be subjected to sulphurous
acid fumes in a sealed compartment. Patentee suggested the possible
occurrence of chemical union of the gases with the liquids of the body
to yield acids capable of arresting decomposition.
Sulphur 3pts
Hardwood charcoal 3
Borax 2
Salt 2
Calcium chloride 2
All ingredients were to be in a dried, and powdered state.
From 2-4 ounces of this composition were to be ignited, and
a body, with or without clothing, was to be exposed to the
penetrating, disinfectant sulphurous fumes.
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US Patent No. 61,472 (1867)
Improvement in Embalming Dead Bodies.
The gases, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrochloric
acid, singly or mixed, were to be introduced arterially.
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US Patent No. 450,017 (1891)
Embalming Mixture
Invention relates to arterial injection of a mixture of antiseptic gases to penetrate the tissues.
Passage through the entire arterial system, penetration of capillaries throughout the body, and
impregnation of abdominal organs, were to be assured through introducing the specified gases
under pressure. Chlorine, hydrogen, sulphur dioxide, and ozone, were to be generated
separately and conducted into rubber bags for storage.........
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US Patent No. 1,088,977 (1914)
Process for Hardening or Mummification of Human and Animal Bodies and Their Organs.
Body was to be completely immersed in turpentine for 10 to 15 days in an hermetically sealed
receptacle. This preliminary process was then to be followed by steeping for 15 days , in a
6.5 percnet solution of Norwegian liquid tar in 95 percent alcohol. The body was carefully
washed with turpentine, allowed to dry, then subjected to warmth. Hardening or mummification
was alleged to occur slowly (from 15 days to several months) according to the size of subject in
relation to rate of drying.
[Body could then be used as a Yule Log!!]
SO:--
S Mendelshon, F.A.I.C.
Embalming Fluids
Chemical Publishing Co.New York 1940
djh
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Heraldry—
Eleven varieties of lines, other than straight lines, which divide the
shield, or edge our cheverons, pales, and the like, are pictured in
the heraldry books and named as engrailed, embattled, indented,
invected, wavy or undry, nebuly, dancetty, raguly, pontenté,
dovetailed and urdy.
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hissingnoise
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| Quote: | | [Body could then be used as a Yule Log!!] |
Lovely!
Shades of Soylent Green?
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Build a Turbo-Encabulator
The turbo-encabulator in industry.
For more then 50 years the Arthur D. Little Industrial Bulletin has endeavored to interpret
scientific information in terms that he lay person could understand. "The turbo-encabulator in
industry" is the contribution of J.H. Quick, graduate member of the Institution of Electrical
Engineers in London, England, and was, first published in the Institution's Students' Quarterly
Journal in December 1944, It is here reprinted without the kind permission of that publication
and of the author in a further salute to Quick.
For a number of years now, work has been proceeding to bring perfection to the crudely
conceived idea of a machine that would not only supply inverse reactive current for use in
unilateral phase detractors, but would also be capable of automatically synchronizing cardinal
grammeters.
Such a machine is the "turbo-encabulator." Basically, the only new principle involved is that
instead of power being generated by the relative motion of conductors and fluxes, it is produced
by the medial interaction of magneto-reluctance and capacitive directance.
The original machine had a base plate of prefabulated amulite, surmounted by a malleable
logarithmic casing in such a way that the two spurving bearings were in direct line with the
pentametric fan. The latter consisted simply of six hydrocoptic marzelvanes, so fitted to the
ambifacient lunar waneshaft that side fumbline was effectively prevented. The main winding was
of the normal lotus-0-delta type placed in panendermic semiboiloid slots in the stator, every
seventh conductor being connected by a nonreversible tremie pipe to the differential gridlespring
on the "up" end of the grammeters.
Forty-one manestically spaced grouting brushes were arranged to feed into the rotor slipstream a
mixture of high S-value phenylhydrobenzamine and 5% remanative tetryliodohexamine. Both of
these liquids have specific pericosities given by P=2.5C.n(exponent)6.7 where n is the diathetical
evolute of retrograde temperature phase disposition and C is Chlomondeley's annular grillage
coefficient. Initially, n was measured with the aid of metaploar refractive pilfrometer (for a
description of this ingenious instrument, see Reference 1), but up to the present, nothing has been
found to equal the transcendental hopper dadoscope (2).
Electrical engineers will appreciate the difficulty of nubing together a regurgitative purwell and a
supramitive wennelsprock. Indeed, this proved to be a stumbling block to further development
until, in 1942, it was found that the use of anhydrous nangling pins enabled a kryptonastic
boiling shim to the tankered.
The early attempts to construct a sufficiently robust spiral decommutator failed largely because
of a lack of appreciation of the large quasipiestic stresses in the gremlin studs; the latter were
specifically designed to hold the roffit bars to the spamshaft. When, however, it was discovered
that spending could be prevented by a simple addition to the living sockets, almost perfect
running was secured.
The operating point is maintained as near as possible to the h.f. rem peak by constantly
fromaging the bitumogenous spandrels. This is a distinct advance on the standard nivel-sheave in
that no dramcock oil is required after the phase detractors have remissed.
Undoubtedly, the turbo-encabulator has not reached a very high level of technical development,
It has been successfully used for operating nofer trunnions. In addition, whenever a barescent
skor motion is required, it may be employed in conjunction with a drawn reciprocating dingle
arm to reduce sinusoidal depleneration.
References
(1) Rumpelvestein, L.E., Z. Elektro-technistatisch-Donnerblitz vii.
(2) Oriceddubg in the Peruvian Academy of Skatological Sciences, June 1914.
djh
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"The move from a structuralist account in which capital is understood to
structure social relations in relatively homologous ways to a view of hege-
mony in which power relations are subject to repetition, convergence, and
rearticulation brought the question, of temporality into the thinking of struc-
ture, and marked a shift from a form of Althusserian theory that takes
structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into
the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of
hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the
rearticulation of power."
Berkeley professor Judith Butler.
In the journal Diacritics.
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Build a fungus pit
Extending his views, he was next led to the conclusion that timber,
being composed of a variety of cells and tubes, through which
certain fluids were in a constant state of transmission, it would be
no difficult matter to inject the entire structure with the mercurial
preparation. He accordingly built a wooden tank, which he filled
with a solution of corrosive sublimate, or, as it is technically
called, bichloride of mercury, and proceeded to immerse a
number of specimen logs of wood for trial. The affinity of the
albumen for the mercurial salt, aided by the porous structure of
the wood, caused a complete saturation to take place in about a
fortnight, where the albumen was every where converted into
protochloride of mercury.
Nothing now remained to complete this interesting discovery, but
the actual trial of the prepared woods. The "fungus pit" at
Woolwich dock-yard offered the severest test to which it could be
subjected, for it is said that in that " most villanous cavity,
no substance, either vegetable or animal, can, by possibility,
escape destruction." Mr. Kyan was, therefore, most wise in getting
permission to bury his indestructible woods within the shadows of
its —
"Low brow'd misty vaults,
Furr'd round with mouldy damps and ropy slime,"-
" Where all things else decay."
The Family magazine, or, Monthly abstract of general knowledge.
Volume 2 1837.
http://tinyurl.com/2cvg4lz
[I bet several of ex-wife's would escape destruction.]
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detonating or fulminating matches
Gill's technological Repository 1829
" The detonating or fulminating matches, are those, which after being lighted by
any means, at a certain period of their burning, make an explosion. These matches
are more costly than the others; and, consequently, are only purchased by persons
who know what they require. At present, they are only sold by the dealers in objects
of philosophical amusement. The preparation of these matches is simple: it consists
in making, by means of a small gouge, an excavation in the stem of the match, at
about a third part of its length, from the prepared end of it; and raising up the
loosenend part of the wood, introducing into the hole, made at the farther end, an
atom, either of fulminating silver, or fulminating mercury, but especially the former;
and then glueing up fast the small slice of wood raised by the gouge,
" These detonating matches present no danger, but only to the persons preparing
them, and even that danger is not great; as with agros weight only of the fulminating
material, they may prepare many hundred matches ; and the consumption of these
being limited, the manufacturers consequently never keep any considerable
quantity of the fulminating matters by them. We therefore think, that the
manufacture of these detonating matches may, without inconvenience, be
permitted in the city. It is always easy to distinguish these detonating matches from
others. It is sufficient to examine them ; and we may always perceive a part upon
their stems which shines, and indicates the place into which the fulminating
material has been introduced, and finally glued over. Nevertheless, we should wish
that persons would cease to make use of this kind of sport, which, in many
circumstances, is not without danger; owing to the fright which they occasion, and
to females in particular, when they are thus taken by surprise."
djh
----
His talk was like a stream, which runs
With rapid change from rocks to roses;
It slipped from politics to puns,
It passes from Mahomet to Moses;
Beginning with the laws which keep
The Planets in their radian courses;
And ending with some precept deep
For dressing eels, or shoeing horses.
Winthrop Mackworth Praed
The Vicar
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Make gunpowder from vitamin C
Golden Powder: A New Explosive/Propellant
Based on Ascorbic Acid
P. A. Wehrli and M. J. Space
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
Nutley, N.J. 07110
(2071.) 235-5000
The search for Black Powder substitutes is an old
one dating back into the 19th century. In l846, nitro-cellulose was
discovered and the quest to find explosives or propellants with
safer and improved performance characteristics is still ongoing.
Within this chain of discoveries, we should like to present a new
explosive, discovered and patented by Earl F. Kurtzl, which we
have developed in collaboration with Golden Powder of Texas Inc.
This powder, called "Golden Powder" because of
its appearance in early experiments or of its perceived potential
value, is a simple explosive made from potassium nitrate and
ascorbic acid. The exact chemical composition is not known due to
the transformation of most of the ascorbic acid into compounds of
unknown structure, presumably polymeric in nature.
The process is a very simple one. The two
compounds, ascorbic acid and potassium nitrate in a weight ratio of
38:62 are heated, in the presence of water and a small amount of
potassium bicarbonate, until a "melt" is formed and the color turns
golden-brown. It is then immediately cooled, broken into pieces,
and crushed to a powder. It can be processed further, e.g., by
compaction or molding, granulation, or any other suitable process.
U.S. Patent #4,497,676, February 5, 1985.
Laboratory Process
A typical laboratory recipe is as follows: Weigh
105.7 g of potassium nitrate, 65.2 g of ascorbic acid, 3.7 g of
potassium bicarbonate, and 128.5 g of deionized water into a 250
ml Erylemenmer flask. (2) Potassium bicarbonate is added as a
precaution to prevent the formation of nitric acid due to acidic
impurities present in the raw materials. Agitate the slurry using a
magnetic stirring bar. The temperature falls several degrees during
the solid dissolution process. Heat the solution to 600C to
completely dissolve the solids. When the solids are dissolved, the
solution will be pale yellow.
Pour the solution into a 45 cm x 37L cm pyrex
dish. Some material will crystallize out in the coo- dish but will re-
dissolve Later. The solution will form a Layer 2-3 m-thick. Place the
dish into an oven preheated to 7-200C. During the first 1 1/2 hr. of
heat treatment, the majority of the water is removed. The dried
solid will rise to a thickness of 5-10 mm and turn from yellow to
brown in color. The best performing material is heated for 3 hr. The
tray is removed from the oven, covered with aluminum foil and
allowed to cool to room temperature.
The heat-treated material is a brittle sponge like solid which breaks
up easily when touched. As soon as cool, the solid is removed from
the tray and ground into a powder using a mortar and pestle. At
this point, we have Golden Powder in its crude state. The powder
is hygroscopic and care should be taken to minimize exposure to
water or humid atmosphere to avoid caking.
2. Potassium nitrate and potassium bicarbonate are reagent,--
grade material. The ascorbic acid is Hoffmann-La Roche, U.S.P.
grade material.
-Heat Treatment
While the water is vaporized, crystals of
potassium nitrate 10-50 microns in size are formed. These
crystals are visible in the final product under a scanning electron
microscope (Figure 1). The photograph shows the cross-section
of a typical particle. The lighter particles seem to be crystals of
potassium nitrate surrounded by a matrix of ascorbic acid
"polymer". Golden powder is similar to other composite
propellants where the oxidizer is coated by the fuel. In this case,
the oxidizer is potassium nitrate and the fuel is ascorbic acid
polymer.
Figure 1
Scanning Electron Micrograph of Golden Powder (20OX)
Although we do not know the reactions which take
place during the heat treatment, several observations have been
made. The potassium nitrate is essentially unaffected by the
heating so the reacting component is ascorbic acid. During the
treatment, gaseous products are given off which causes the
powder to rise. These products have been identified as carbon
dioxide and water and account for a weight loss of 10-12% during
the heating (Figure 2). This loss is in addition to the water used to
dissolve the ascorbic acid and potassium nitrate. The reaction
progress can be followed by monitoring the ascorbic acid content
of the powder.
Several temperatures have been used for the heat treatment
ranging from 105oC to 140oC (Figure 3). As we would expect, the
degradation is more rapid at higher temperatures.For convenience
on a laboratory scale, we chose 120oC as our working temperature.
The best powder contains 2-5% residua ascorbic acid which is
produced after about 3 hr at 1200C. Higher temperatures are
possible with good control on the heating time and temperature.
Overheating of the powder results in the formation of carbon and
a decrease in performance and safety.
The physical properties of golden powder are summarized below in
Table I. Golden Powder has several advantageous properties as a
propellant. It can be molded without any binders into a solid fuel
for use as consumable cartridges. The heat of combustion is 5%
higher and the gas volume produced is 10% greater than an
equivalent amount of black powder. The residue on ignition is only
28% compared to about 50% using black powder. In addition, the
residue from burning golden powder is water soluble, unlike many
other propellants.
Table I
Physical Properties of Golden Powder and Black Powder
Golden Powder Black Powder
color Golden to medium Black
brown
Bulk Density (20-50 mesh) .88-.90 gm/cc ---
Heat of Combustion 718 cal/gm 684 cal/gm)
Gas Vo-.ume on Combustion 298 cc/gm 271 cal/gm
Residue on Combustion 28% (H2O soluble) 50%
Ignition Temperature 333o C 313oC (4)
4.Initiation temperature from differential calorimentry on
Gearhart-Owen Industries Superfine, FFFG Black Powder.
Using differential scanning calorimetry, the ignition temperature of
golden powder was determined to be 333oC (Figure 4). The
ignition temperature is 200C higher than that measured for black
powder in the same equipment. Scanning calorimetric studies show
a two-stage exotherm over a temperature range of 333oC to
455oC.
Ballistic Performance
Although Golden Powder offers a wide spectrum
of applications, one area which has attracted the attention of end
users is its use as a black powder substitute. Golden Powder can
be easily granulated to any grade of gun powder. The crude
powder can be compacted to pellets or sheets which can be milled
to appropriate grain sizes. We have made granulation's of golden
powder which pass through a 20-mesh screen but are retained on
a 40-mesh screen. This material was tested ballistically in a .45
caliber, 32 inch rifled test barrel. Muzzle velocities where
measured using lumiIine screens and the peak pressures
measured using lead crushers. The balIistic data from three
separate lots or golden powder are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2
Ballistic Performance of Golden Powder
60 Grain loading in 32 inch, 45 caliber, 138, grain, Hornady
#6060 lead balls and Connecticut Valley Arms #11 percussion
Golden Powder Lot 5 Shot Average
Muzzle Velocity Peak Chamber Pressure
(ft./sec) (LUP,)
1 1,363 5,300
2 1,375 5,000
3 1,383 5,400
Range (3 Lots) 1,330-1,410 4,600-5,500
SD 20.2 230
(3 Lots)
These muzzle velocities are comparable to black powder at significantly
lower chamber pressures. The ballistic results are extremely
reproducible from shot to shot and from lot to lot. The
standard deviation of velocities over the fifteen shots was
only 20.2 ft./sec. and the standard deviation of peak pressures was
230 LUP.
As we stated earlier, the best performing material
was powder in which the ascorbic acid has been reacted to a
residual level of 2-5%. The ballistic performance of golden powder
has been measured as a function of the ascorbic assay (Figure 5).
The muzzle velocity of the powder, which has a residual ascorbic
acid assay -less than 5%, is double that of powder which has an
ascorbic acid assay greater than 30%.
Safety
One of the advantageous properties of golden
powder is its safety. Unlike black powder, golden powder can be
shipped as a flammable so-'Lid following the recommendation of
the Bureau of Mines. They recommend a DOT classification as a
Class B Explosive. The Bureau of Mines testing included thermal
stability at 75oC for 48 hours during which golden powder was
stable. No detonation of golden powder occurred during the
blasting cap sensitivity test, the package burn test, and the squib
test. Golden powder did not ignite on the Association of American
Railroads Bureau of Explosives strip friction test in 10 out of 7-0
trials under 500 psig, which is equivalent to 100 pounds of friction
force.
Summary
Golden Powder is a new explosive product based
on ascorbic acid. Its combustion characteristics are comparable to
black powder but with several other distinct advantages. Golden
powder is safer to handle and transport. It forms about half the
residue as black powder when burned. The residue formed is
non-corrosive and is water-soluble. Golden powder is easily
molded into solid fuel elements which burn at a well controlled rate.
When used as gunpowder, the performance is comparable to black
powder but is significantly more reproducible. The inherent safety
of' the powder allows its shipment as a flammable solid by common
carrier. With these characteristics, golden powder is a product with
many potential applications.
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chlorine - hydrogen
Chemical recreations: a popular compendium of experimental chemistry, for ...
By John Joseph Griffin
1847
12. Equal volumes of chlorine gas and hydrogen gas mixed in a clear colourless glass
bottle, and exposed to bright sunshine, combine, with violent explosion, producing
muriatic acid. The action is so rapid, that if the bottle is suddenly thrown up into the
air, the explosion occurs before the bottle falls to the ground. Consequently, it is
necessary to be careful how you mix these gases in a lighted laboratory. All danger is
avoided in the following experiment:—
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make 1 500 lbs of sodium from table salt in 24-hours
US Patent 2 465 730
Method of Producing Metallic Sodium
29 March 1949
- Google.com/patents works for me. -
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Siliciuret of Hydrogen
American journal of science, Volume 77
1859
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.
1. On the Siliciuret of Hydrogen.—WOHLER has communicated a purely chemical
method of preparing the siliciuret of hydrogen discovered by Buff and himself as a
product of the electrolysis of an alloy of silicon and aluminum. The method in
question was accidentally discovered in Wohler's laboratory by Martins, who found
that a scoria or slag arising from the preparation of magnesium by Deville's process,
disengaged a spontaneously inflammable gas when treated with chlorhydric acid. The
magnesium compound required in the preparation of the gas is prepared in the
following manner: 40 grams of fused chlorid of magnesium, 35 grams of strongly dried
fluosilicate of sodium, and 10 grams of fused chlorid of sodium are to be finely
pulverized and intimately mixed in a hot mortar. The mixture is to be introduced into
a glass vessel which can be closed, and 20 grams of sodium in very small pieces
added. The whole is to be mixed by agitation, and then forced at once into a Hessian
crucible, heated to redness. The crucible is to be covered and heated, when the
combination takes place with repeated decrepitations. When these have ceased and
flames of sodium no longer appear, the crucible is removed from the fire, allowed to
cool, and broken. It contains a greyishblack fused mass filled with globules and plates
resembling cast iron. The coarser pulverized mass is to be introduced into a flask with
two tubulures, through one of which passes a funnel with a tube long enough to pass
to the bottom of the flask, to the other tubulure is attached a short and wide
conducting tube. The entire apparatus is now to be filled with boiled water, and then
plunged beneath the surface of the pneumatic cistern, so that every bubble of air is
expelled. A collecting tube may now be filled with water and inverted over the orifice
of the tube conveying the gas. Strong chlorhydric acid is now to be poured through
the funnel. A violent reaction ensues and much foam unavoidably passes over into
the collecting tube with the gas; a second tube may, however, be filled with the gas
without foam. The properties of the gas are as follows. Each bubble inflames on
contact with air with a white flame and a violent explosion.The silicic acid formed
produces beautiful rings like phosphuretted hydrogen. The gas is completely
decomposed by a feeble red heat, brown amorphous silicon being deposited. When
burned against a plate of porcelain it gives a brown spot. With chlorine the gas
explodes violently, but not with protoxyd or deutoxyd of nitrogen. As thus prepared
the gas still contains free hydrogen, which makes it difficult to determine its
constitution. Siliciuret of hydrogen precipitates various metals from their solutions. A
salt of copper agitated with the gas yields a red pellicle of a siliciuret of copper, which
in the air oxydizes to a lemon-yellow silicate of copper. Nitrate of silver yields with
the gas a black substance which is doubtless a siliciuret of silver, mixed however with
metallic silver: palladium is reduced by the gas to the metallic state. The greyish mass
which yields the gas by the action of chlorhydric acid, appeared to consist of free
silicon mixed with a siliciuret of magnesium which gives siliciuret of hydrogen by the
action of chlorhydric acid, and of another siliciuret of magnesium which yields with
chlorhydric acid free hydrogen and protoxyd of silicon. In one case the authors
succeeded in isolating a lead-grey aggregate of regular octahedrons, sometimes
presenting cubic surfaces. These were found to have the formula Mg2Si, and as this
compound yielded the spontaneously inflammable gas with chlorhydric acid, it is
possible that the formula of this latter may be Si2H3. Martins is engaged in studying
the subject further.—Ann. de Chemie el de Physique, liv, 218, Oct. 1858.
[NOTE.—It must be remembered that Wohler and Martins take the equivalent of
silicon as 21, so that silica is SiOs. The siliciuret of magnesium above mentioned has
no probable formula if we take silicon as 14, as appears necessary, since Marignac has
shown the isomorphism of the fluosilicates and fluostannates. It is very much to be
desired that those chemists whose means enable them to make such researches,
should investigate the compounds of silicon with ethyl, methyl, &c. It can hardly be
doubted that ethyl-zinc would give with chlorid or fluorid of silicon, a compound of
ethyl and silicon having the formula Si(C*Hs)a since we should have a reaction
expressible by the equation
2 . ZnC4H5) + Si Cl2 = 2Zn CI + Si(C4H5)2.
A determination of the density of the vapor of ethyl-silicon would possess much
theoretical interest. The results obtained by Hoffmann and Cahours in the formation
of compounds of ethyl, &c., with phosphorus and arsenic render the existence of
similar compounds of silicon and boron almost certain.—W. G.]
Somewhat more up upon the date —
F. G. A. Stone
Hydrogen Compounds of the Group IV Elements
Prentice-Hall
1962
[Edited on 13-7-2010 by The WiZard is In]
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Determine the amount of morphine in putrid meat
Resistance of Morphine to putrefaction.
F. Doepmann.
Chem.-Zeit., 1915, 39, 69-71.
In — The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 34 [6] 300. March 31, 1915.
Separate quantities of 1 kilo. of chopped, lean horseflesh were mixed with 200,
100, 50, and 20 mgrms. respectively of morphine hydrochloride and 200 grms. of
the mixture investigated after 1, 2 ½, 5 ½, and 11 months. The putrefying mass
was thoroughly extracted with very dilute acetic acid, first cold, then warm, and
finally on the water-bath. The acid extract was concentrated, precipitated with
alcohol, the alcohol-free filtrate precipitated with lead acetate, excess of lead
removed by hydrogen sulphide, and the solution concentrated, made alkaline
with ammonia, and extracted repeatedly with warm chloroform. The residue form
the chloroform extract was dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid and extracted with
;pure amyl alcohol to remove colouring matters, then made alkaline with caustic
soda, and extracted with a small amount of chloroform to remove ptomaine
bases, and finally made alkaline with ammonia and repeatedly extracted with
warm chloroform. The pale yellow varnish left on evaporating the chloroform
gave in every case the characteristic reactions of morphine.
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extract l-cystine from human hair
Organic Syntheses Collective Volume 1 2nd ed 1932
l-CYSTINE
Hydrolysis of keratin from hair---> HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SSCH2CH(NH2)CO2H
Submitted by R. A. GORTNER and W. F. HOFFMAN. Checked by R. T.
CLARKE and E. E. DREGER.
I. Procedure
HUMAN hair (Note 1) is freed from foreign matter (Note 2), washed well with a
lukewarm solution of soap (Note 3), then twice with cold distilled water, and
dried. This washing removes the natural oils from the hair (Note 4). Two kilos of
the dry, washed hair is pushed into a 12-L. round-bottomed Pyrex flask, and 4 L.
of 20 per cent hydrochloric acid (Note 5) is added. An air-cooled reflux
condenser, consisting of a wide glass tube, is attached to the flask. The hair is
hydrolyzed by heating on the steam bath (Note 6) until the biuret reaction is
entirely negative; this requires one hundred twenty to one hundred forty-four
hours.
The mixture is filtered hot, and the insoluble residue is washed with distilled
water. The total filtrate is now partially neutralized with 300 cc. of 40 per cent
sodium hydroxide solution, while the mixture is well stirred and cooled, and then
a saturated solution of 3 750 g. of crystallized sodium acetate is added. The
Congo red test for mineral acid should then be entirely negative. Care must be
taken not to make the solution alkaline with sodium hydroxide (Note 7). After
standing for three days at room temperature, the precipitated cystine is filtered
on a suction funnel. This crude material, containing, in addition to the cystine,
some "humin" pigments and tyrosine, is dissolved in 3 L. of 3 per cent
hydrochloric acid. The solution is filtered and completely decolorized by two to
five treatments with 5 g. portions of decolorizing carbon (Norite) which has been
completely freed from calcium phosphate by boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid
and washing with cold water. The filtrate after decolorizing should be water-clear,
or at the most only slightly yellow. it shows more color, the treatment with
decolorizing carbon should ,carried out again. The solution should finally be
filtered once by gravity to remove traces of a solid impurity which is apt to pass
through the suction funnel.
The cystine is precipitated from the clear solution by adding a filtered saturated
solution of 900-1000 g. of crystallized sodium acetate untiI the Congo red
reaction is negative. After standing five to six hours (Note 8), the cystine is
filtered and washed twice with 100-200 cc. portions of hot, distilled water to
remove the last traces of tyrosine. this method the typical colorless hexagonal
plates of cystine are obtained. The yield is 100-106 g. (5.0-5.3 per cent of the
weight of starting material).
2. Notes
1. Crude sheep's wool may also be employed, but the yield is not high (about 2.6
per cent).
2. Hair obtained from barber shops generally contains matches, paper, hair-pins,
and cigarette butts, and similar impurities which should be sorted out by hand as
completely as possible. The other principal contamination is sand which causes
little trouble and need be removed.
3. A high grade of soap should be employed. Hair kept in hot dilute sodium
carbonate solution for one to two hours yields little or cystine.
4. The oily material may also be removed by extracting with line or benzene, but
this procedure involves considerably more
or.
5. The constant-boiling (20 per cent) hydrochloric acid may be prepared by
adding 2000 cc. of water to 2700 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid (sp. gr.
1.20).
6. The hydrolysis can be carried out in a much shorter time by heating over a
flame or on a sand bath, but there is great danger of breaking the flask on
account of bumping, and of racernizing the cystine.
7. An alkaline reaction must always be avoided, as even dilute sodium carbonate
decomposes cystine. For this reason some have preferred to omit the partial
neutralization with sodium hydroxide and to ploy sodium acetate only.
8. If the mixture is allowed to stand for a longer time, tyrosine tends to crystallize
out with the cystine.
3. Methods of Preparation
l-Cystine may be obtained by the hydrolysis of a large number of proteins.
However, the keratins are the only common proteins rich enough in cystine to
serve as a source for this amino acid. Many investigators have devised methods
for its isolation from the hydrolytic products of human hair, wool, horn, nail,
feathers, and horse hair. The method of Folin is the basis for most of the others.
The procedure described does not claim to give so high a yield as some of those
reported in the literature, but is convenient and gives consistent results.
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The WiZard is In
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Dissolve gold not in aqua regia but in ....
Science 8 October 2010:
Vol. 330. no. 6001, p. 153
DOI: 10.1126/science.330.6001.153-a
Editors' Choice: Highlights of the recent literature
Chemistry:
Golden Selection
Jake Yeston
Gold's widespread use in jewelry design and dentistry is due in
large part to its remarkable resistance to chemical oxidation.
There is in fact a fairly straightforward means of dissolving the
metal—a concentrated combination of nitric and hydrochloric acids
that's been in use for hundreds of years—but this solvent mixture
is so generally corrosive that rings and fillings wouldn't be the
primary worry if some happened to spill onto your fingers and
teeth. Of more commercial concern is the acid mixture's failure to
discriminate between gold and platinum, which hampers catalyst-
recycling protocols. Lin et al. have discovered that a different,
nonaqueous solvent mixture—thionyl chloride and pyridine—can
also dissolve gold quite effectively but leaves platinum fully intact.
The process is clearly oxidative, although the exact product is
somewhat uncertain; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy implicates
the formation of trivalent gold species, and a salt of the
tetrachloride anion [AuCl4]– precipitates after several months. A
number of other aromatic amines, as well as dimethyl formamide,
can substitute for the pyridine.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 10.1002/anie.201001244 (2010).
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The WiZard is In
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Make a "Skating Sun"
"Skating Sun" Phenomenon
The general appearance of the combustion process is
determined by the physical and chemical properties of the
metal and its oxide. Metals such as sodium, magnesium, and
calcium have low boiling points (Table II), and considerable
volatilization takes place, causing combustion at considerable
distances above the surface of the metal. Aluminum, titanium,
and zirconium have high boiling points and, under ordinary
conditions, the combustion zone is close to the surface. The
oxides of magnesium and calcium are high melting (close to
combustion temperatures) and very little melting is noted within
the furnace. The melting point of aluminum oxide is much
below the combustion temperature of aluminum; hence, a pool
of molten oxide accumulates within the furnace as combustion
proceeds. The same is true of titanium and zirconium, although
these metals appear to have higher densities than their oxides
and to sink the molten oxide when it accumulates. The density
of aluminum is lower than its oxide; hence, it floats on the
surface of the molten oxide during combustion.
The combustion of aluminum is unique, not so much because it
melts before it ignites but rather because of the extreme
brilliance of the boiling pool of burning metal as it floats within
the furnace on the molten aluminum oxide (combustion
product). The combustion can be propagated indefinitely by
feeding aluminum (in rod form) to the pool of burning metal,
although if the metal rod is added too rapidly the pool is chilled
below its ignition temperature. This combustion behavior has
been termed the "skating sun" phenomenon, as the brilliance of
the burning pool of metal can be compared to that of the sun in
the heavens. A typical "sun" is shown in Figure 1; the dark back-
ground is molten aluminum oxide.
During combustion the atmosphere inside the furnace is very
clear, very little smoke being produced as long as the oxygen
rate is low. The sun phenomenon is therefore clearly visible
during the entire combustion process. About 90 grams per
minute of aluminum is consumed for a "sun" 8 inches in
diameter. As the oxygen rate is increased, the combustion rate
increases and the pool of liquid aluminum begins to boil
vigorously, causing large quantities of aluminum oxide smoke to
he generated. The sun is no longer visible and the conditions
within the furnace are highly turbulent. The furnace in Figure 2
is being run at high oxygen rates, as indicated by dense clouds
of smoke. The brilliance of these suns can be seen in Figure 3,
which shows a water-cooled furnace with a sight-glass on top.
The furnace shown in Figure 4 was constructed entirely of
aluminum oxide bricks and had an internal volume of about 1
cubic foot. With these furnaces suns 18 inches in diameter were
produced. Theoretically there is no limit to the diameter of this
burning pool of aluminum.
The temperature of the aluminum in the sun has been
estimated as close to the boiling point of the metal (2500° C.).
(The temperature of the Al-O2 flame, above the surface of the
boiling metal, is about 3500° C.) However, the sun will die out
rapidly if air is suddenly fed to the furnace instead of oxygen.
This seems to indicate that large masses of aluminum cannot be
burned in air.
Because this was from a bound volume I had to cut the pages
out to scan them. Good thing the librarian is a good friend of mine!
I cannot post this as a PDF as it is 2024 kb just over the 2000 kb
limit. And as my internet connection is soooo slow - 24k upload
(Hughes Net sucks) the Madness of Science server keeps on
cutting me off. I had to DL these one at a time.
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The WiZard is In
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Detonation diamonds.... more
Method of Making Diamonds
US Patent 3 238 019
1 March 1966
Attachment: 3238019_DE_CARLI_METHOD_OF_MAKING_DIAMON.pdf (343kB)
This file has been downloaded 499 times
Nanostructured Diamonds: Synthesis, Characterization and Application
Komanschek and Pfeil
29th International Conference of ICT
26 June 1998
Attachment: Detonation Diamonds.pdf (553kB)
This file has been downloaded 1740 times
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Mr. Wizard
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They say on the first page they will publish separate articles on combustion of metals with other gases, including Ozone. That would be interesting.
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