LL8 from Dr. Liptakov

Thanks. Basic detonator must penetrate 2 mm construction steel at 300mg ETN and 3 mm plate at 500mg ETN. Thats enough good for next
steps as is booster or using of else secondary EM. Nothing big science....

You mean for preparation anhydrous Lithex. Was used classic glass thermometer and his Hg end wrapped in aluminium foil half ball loaded with a suitable piece of lead on hot stainless surface....
(If the lead starts to melt while drying the Lithex, you quickly run away form lab)

Haha sure.
I'll see what happens, I just got some old steelpots from a fleamarket.

Thank you for the whole tread, since theres no thank-button


I think this tread should be chopped into Lithex and Brightelite ect, it's a bitch to read.



One more thought:
A finished cap containing Lithex will draw water and become dead over time.
Has anyone an idea how hygroscopic this stuff really is?

I mean, imagine the caps will be stored together with CaCl2. Can this be ultimatey contra productive, in the sense that the CaCl2 is dried by the Lithex/Li-Perchlorate?


[Edited on 24-6-2024 by dangerous amateur]

Exact values hygroscopicity of Lithex are unknown. But attempts show similar behavior a like NH4NO3. Complette detonator can be storage in closure jar with CaCl2. For example one week. This method of stability was not tested...
(By views / since , this thread is one of the most viewed ever)

KC primer

Since primary initiator substances based on KClO3 have been considered unreliable or even impossible until now, I would like to introduce a new initiator substance based on KClO3. The basis of reliability (as always) is a solid 6/8 x 50 mm steel cavity. A substance with the working designation "KC primer" was discovered by accident during research into primary compounds for the ignition of shotgun cartridges.
Because within the hammer tests on the anvil, this mixture produced deafening blows (and also damaged cartriges) the mixture was storage for 3 months as sample (at wet air in open jar) for next examination. After 3 months mixture showed zero hygroscopicity and zero changes of properties. After this was Attempts were made in the sense of a primary charge for detonators. 3 months was leave for due to the notorious instability of the mixture of sulfur and potassium chlorate.
The basic mixture consists of: KClO3 70, hexamine 15, Sulfur 15.

The preparation is on pic 1 and pic 2. On stainless pan is at 3 compounds add distill water 75% + 25% ethanol commerce grade.
Temperature is increase on 100 C and mixture is grinded on surface to dry fine powder. All process take about 10 minute. Sensitivity on friction at this hard conditions was ont observed. Hammer test show similar sensitivity as safety matches, but the explosion sound is as from HMTD (ringing in ears). Thats was main reason for storage and next examination.






Burning test is on pic 3, 4, 5. Behavior is similar as classic BP, thus relatively slow burning with white - blue color. Damage alu foil is minimal (5) , against for example flash powders. Also wrapping in alu foil create only puff effect.







In Figure 6, we see the basic series of tests on the brizance 1,2,3,4. To add, I state that the basic charge of 300 mg of ETN as an output segment causes a 14-15 mm diameter cut in the lead. And with a depth of 4 - 5 mm. The same damage was measured on crater 1, 2 and 4. So full ETN detonation, 14 mm diameter, 4.5 mm depth. Small crater No. 3 (8 x 2 mm) is the highlight of the KC primer itself.





On pic 7 and 8 and 9 you can see the preparation for test no. 4. Filling is 300 mg ETN pressed on 10 Kg, DDT segment is 150 mg KC primer + 150 mg ETN. Follow 400 mg of starting segment from pure KC primer, with central bridge wire. As the plug was used 100 mg classic BP grain 1x1 mm.







On pic 10 and 11 you can see verification test No. 5, perpedicular into standard steel plate 2mm of thickness, where causes the hole 8,2 x 9, 2 mm.
On pic 12 is see deploy tube 6/8 mm into hole from test.




Conclusion: For experiments No. 4 and 5, a change in the ratio of ingredients was used: KClO3 75, hexamine 15, and sulfur 10 parts by weight. That is, the same ratios as are used for classic gunpowder. For both mixtures, doping with nitrocellulose and powdered aluminum comes into consideration to create a grain that always increases the reliability of the energy filling. The brisance of the KC primer (300mg out) alone is low, but sufficient for relatively reliable ETN initiation in a solid cavity........



[Edited on 4-7-2024 by Laboratory of Liptakov]

I have lots of hexamine, and lots of KClO3 and plenty of sulfur... would this be a better primer than NHN/ETN mix? I will have to use the latter anyway because I have too much NHN!

Quote: Originally posted by ManyInterests

I have lots of hexamine, and lots of KClO3 and plenty of sulfur... would this be a better primer than NHN/ETN mix? I will have to use the latter anyway because I have too much NHN!

Just a due to sesitivity and unstability was KC primer leaved 3 months in wet conditions. After this, was repeatedly heated and tested on friction sensitivity. Sensitivity is after 3 months same. Similarly as head from of safety matches....

It is possible that ferricyanide and KClO4 will create something beneficial. But it has to be tried. On the other hand, hexamine is probably the most versatile fuel ever. According to the behavior with different oxidizing agents, hexamine shows a special rule. In atmospheric combustion (1 Bar) with oxidizers, it usually burns slowly or very slowly. But once the combustion pressure rises above 100 Bar, hexamine outperforms all other fuels.
And even such fuels that showed almost detonation at 1Bar.....

Quote: Originally posted by Sir_Gawain

Quote: Originally posted by ManyInterests   I have lots of hexamine, and lots of KClO3 and plenty of sulfur... would this be a better primer than NHN/ETN mix? I will have to use the latter anyway because I have too much NHN! I doubt it would approach the power of ETN or NHN. Please be very careful, as anything with chlorate and sulfur is very sensitive.

Yeah, after thinking about it for a moment I think it isn't a good idea to make as an initiating agent.

Also can you have a look at the det cap strategy thread, I am curious as to what you think of my latest results.

Quote: Originally posted by Laboratory of Liptakov

Just a due to sesitivity and unstability was KC primer leaved 3 months in wet conditions. After this, was repeatedly heated and tested on friction sensitivity. Sensitivity is after 3 months same. Similarly as head from of safety matches....

This is very interesting compound and results.

I would think the sensitivity would vary depending on the purity of the sulfur and where it was sourced, but....

We know that the sulphur reacts with oxygen and moisture in air to form acid which is responsible for the sensitivity of pyrotechnic mixtures containg potassium chlorate and sulfur.
You report no increase in sensitivity or spontaneous initiation even after leaving test samples out moist/wet.

Is it possible that the addition of the hexamine (being basic) is reacting with the formed acid and essentially mopping it up which in turn maintains the compounds initial sensitivity?
Hexamine solution is sold and used as a ph buffer solution.

It doesn't appear to be breaking down into ammonia and formaldehyde as I'm sure you would notice a difference in sensitivity if ammonium chlorate was forming

[Edited on 9-7-2024 by greenlight]

greenlight.....Is it interesting, maybe your analysis of stability is truth. Due to minimal hygroscopicity mixture works after long storage.....

Quote: Originally posted by Laboratory of Liptakov

It is possible that ferricyanide and KClO4 will create something beneficial. But it has to be tried. On the other hand, hexamine is probably the most versatile fuel ever. According to the behavior with different oxidizing agents, hexamine shows a special rule. In atmospheric combustion (1 Bar) with oxidizers, it usually burns slowly or very slowly. But once the combustion pressure rises above 100 Bar, hexamine outperforms all other fuels. And even such fuels that showed almost detonation at 1Bar.....

Thanks for explain. It seems that you have experiences. The Perch is fish, which is resistante against perchlorates. Yes I understand......

Due to ongoing research in the field of primary substances, I am publishing 2 more compositions, this time based on a mixture of KClO3 + Sodium Benzoate.
Fig. 1 shows the prepared assembly for the 1st test. Fig. 2 then shows a mixture that was created by simply mixing the 3 components with the help of distilled water and evaporating it. At cca 70 C.




Fig. B3 shows the complete assembly before firing. A 6/8 mm x 50 steel tube is filled with 300 mg of pressed ETN as the output segment. This is followed by 10 mg of slightly densified ETN. This is followed by a mixture of 150 mg of ETN + 150 mg of the investigated substance in a 1:1 ratio of low density which is pressed around the electric bridge.




Fig. B5 shows the resulting crater on a lead block. The standard crater from 300mg ETN at full detonation in this (and earlier) setup is typically 14 - 16 mm in diameter, with a depth of 4.5 - 5.5 mm. The resulting crater therefore corresponds to the full detonation of 300 mg of high density ETN.



Fig. B6 shows the setup for the second firing attempt. The only difference is in the mixture around the resistor bridge, which does not contain ETN. Around the igniter there is only a mixture of KCLO3 75, Na benzoate 25 and CuOH 1. From the experiment it is clear that a failure occurred in Fig. B7.



Fig. B9 shows the mixture for the 3rd experiment. Here a different mixture was used. KClO3 75 + NaBenzoate 25 + CuO 1 were mixed in a stainless steel pan using distilled water and the mixture was dried at 60 C. Then, using acetone, 6 parts by weight of nitrocellulose (with a high nitrogen content of about 13%) and 3 parts of ETN were added. The mixture was processed into 1x1 mm granules. Fig. B 10 shows a ready-to-detonate assembly containing 300 mg of hi pressed ETN, 10 mg of low pressed ETN, and 300 mg of the described (investigated) mixture around a resistance bridge of low pressed. Fig. 11 shows the full detonation of ETN.



Conclusion: If a thick steel cavity is used for ETN initiation, it is possible to use alternative primary substances based even on ordinary KClO3 + suitable fuel. Basic observed behavior of the examinated substances: Impact sensitivity:.....same as safety match heads. Friction sensitivity: Failed to cause explosion. Flame sensitivity: Burns similar to gunpowder with loud sputtering.....

Another interesting substance is a mixture of hexamine di-perchlorate with potassium chlorate. According to the damage to the lead brick, a rough estimate of the VoD of around 4000 m/s in a steel cavity at a high pressed density of around 1.5 g/cc is possible. This mixture can reliably detonate ETN in a solid cavity. The preparation is simple. In a stainless steel pan, dissolve HDP 40% + KClO3 60% in a small amount of distilled water and dry at 80 Celsius. A white non-hygroscopic powder is formed. The crater in the picture is from 300 mg of this mixture in the sense of the output segment with an estimated density of 1.4 - 1.6 g/cc. The same 300mg mixture with a low density of around 1g/cc was used as a starting hot wire segment. Potentially, this substance can be used as a relatively cheap secondary charge with the possibility of plasticization....

Thanks, ferricyanide looks interestling it will tested sometimes....

A 2 year old CU8 substance was tested, which was kept slightly moist throughout. After drying at 80 Celsius for 10 minutes, the mixture was tested as the primary part of the detonator without further modification.
The cavity contained 300 mg of high density ETN, 5 mg of low density ETN hand-pressed, 5 mg of CU8 hand-pressed. About 500 mg of CU8 was poured around the hot wire and pressed by hand. The result is a full detonation of the ETN. The preparation of CU8 is at the beginning of this thread.....

Diper 60

Due to the interesting results of the investigation of the Hexamine Diperchlorate (HDP) mixture, I present the latest data. As can be seen from the figure, the brisance of the HDP and KClO3 mixture is almost independent of the mutual ratios. A mixture of HDP 40% and KClO3 60% is able to reliably detonate ETN. A mixture of 70% HDP and 30% KClO3 is also able to detonate ETN. And a mixture of HDP 85% and KClO3 15% seems to be even more powerful. ( verified, that alone HDP is not capable of detonating ETN ) Of course, these experimental data do not mean a breakthrough in the field of primary substances. However other wise, I am not aware of anyone used a primary substance based on hexamine diperchlorate. Therefore, this compound is interestling, if you have HClO4.



Preparation of HDP:
In a 200 ml sealable jar, pour 80g IPA + 11g dH2O + 9g Hexamine. The mixture is heated to 40 C until the hexamine dissolves. The mixture is cooled to 5 C. Hexamine no longer precipitates back. 20g of HClO4 68% is prepared. 4g of HClO4 is injected into the glass and the mixture is cooled in an ice bath to 5 C with constant stirring. This operation is repeated 4 times. The precipitated HDP is separated on a Buchner funnel and dried at 30 C on filter paper. The mother liquor is neutralized with potassium hydroxide and on Buchner funell is KClO4 separated.

Basic equation for preparation Hexamine di-perchlorate
(CH2)6N4 + 2 HClO4 = (CH2)6N4 * (ClO4)2 + H2 (+ heat)



Diper 60 prepare:
0.6g of HDP and 0.4g of KClO3 (or KClO4) are poured onto a stainless steel pan. The dry mixture is dropped by solution (approx. 5 - 10 g) of IPA25% /dH2O 75%. All compouds must be dissolved. The mixture is carefully mixed until a dry powder forms at 80 Celsius.
The resulting powder is Diper 60, is non-hygroscopic and ready for filling. The name Diper 60 was chosen because it almost doesn't matter what ratio you use. 40:60 or 60:40. ETN always explodes from Diper 60 in metal cavity.
Test mixtures resist scratching on a hot pan. Burning rate is similar to quality BP. Impact sensitivity is similar to safety matches. With KClO4 lower. In aluminium confinement is Diper 60 basically impossible detonated. HDP with NH4ClO4 is impossible initiated ETN.

Quote: Originally posted by Laboratory of Liptakov

+ H2 (+ heat)

When we're at school, I'll answer your questions. The important thing is that Hexamine diperchlorate can detonate ETN.....

Quote: Originally posted by Laboratory of Liptakov

The important thing is that Hexamine diperchlorate can detonate ETN.....

Yes.....I agree....But works it.....
https://www.webqc.org/balance.php

I confirm that R - Salt (1,3,5 - trinitroso - 1,3,5 - triazacyclohexane) can be full detonated using CHP in steel cavity 6/8 mm. The density of R - Salt was 1.45g cm 3. Filled and pressed to standard 300 mg as an output segment. The hole in a 2 mm thick steel sheet is 7.2 mm. From ETN ( second picture) it is usually 8 to 8.5 mm under identical conditions.



Good tutorial for preparation R-Salt here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXCrX0QuvGA

During a research of R - Salt shows, that there is repeated failure. As primary compound is 500 mg CHP, which provided pressure minimal 20 GPa. Such a similar failure has never occurred when initiating ETN under the same conditions from CHP. Same sample of pure CHP create hole in 2mm steel plate 8.2 x 8.4 mm or 7.2 x 7.5 mm. Therefore wrong is not CHP, but error is in R-Salt. R-Salt was recrystallized and old only 1 day.

Quote: Originally posted by Laboratory of Liptakov

Due to the interesting results of the investigation of the Hexamine Diperchlorate (HDP) mixture, I present the latest data. As can be seen from the figure, the brisance of the HDP and KClO3 mixture is almost independent of the mutual ratios. A mixture of HDP 40% and KClO3 60% is able to reliably detonate ETN.

Here is results. Maybe it help you. Yes, all with KClO3 is dangerous.
We are in energetics materials research....

Quote: Originally posted by Laboratory of Liptakov

Here is results. Maybe it help you. Yes, all with KClO3 is dangerous.

After 20 hours of slow drying, both papers are without visible mechanical damage. Also without visible disintegration. Their tensile strength is approximately the same as that of new pH papers.

During two years of research, it was shown that the residual HClO4 content in the Cu(ClO4)2 * 6H2O crystals is important for the function of Cu8. Which causes the formation of hexamine diperchlorate. The excess of hexamine (21 parts per 80) stabilizes the mixture, balances the oxygen balance and maintains high performance for years. In a solid cavity, the substance achieves reliable and high brisance, which as a monomaterial is capable of initiating any secondary explosive. I remind you that this powerful substance is prepared by simply mixing 80 parts of Cu(ClO4)2*0H2O and 21 parts of hexamine in a few drops of distilled water. After evaporation at 95 Celsius, the substance is ready for use. The pictures show the acidity of Cu(ClO4)2 and the subsequent neutrality of Cu8. Other pictures then illustrate the high performance of the mentioned substance 400mg. Brisance is near ETN. Target is construction steel 2mm of thickness......





[Edited on 10-1-2025 by Laboratory of Liptakov]

During the research of mixtures with sodium benzoate it was shown that the mixture with sodium perchlorate provides weak brisance even in a solid cavity. The best results (brisance) are shown by KClO3 and KClO4 in a mixture with sodium benzoate. NaClO4 is unsuitable, as is NH4ClO4 or Cu(ClO4)2. The best results are therefore with the most available oxidants in frame examination of sodium benzoate.

Diper 60 is on this page ,......posted on 28-12-2024 at 20:37........assigned for 2025

Also is possible prepare for example Diper 70. Thus 70% HDP + 29% KClO3+1% CuCl2 (golden color cause) for increase reactivity. Filling is standarded, thus 300mg. Diper 70 was pressed on density 1,14g cm3. And 600mg a same substance lower density 0.85g/cm3 as "primary" was used. Result is relatively big crater 15 x 4 mm. In left is crater from high pressed ETN 300mg. Conclusion: Diper 70 can replace classic (dangerous) primary substance for full detonation ETN. Key for sucessful is in using steel cavity for full DDT for Diper 70. Or for any Diper.....


Using steel solid cavity increase reliability of any detonator with any content inside. And save amount of any primary and secondary compound for require parameters.



[Edited on 22-1-2025 by Laboratory of Liptakov]

HDP + KClO3 is examinated substance with swimming working name Diper + number. And with positive results as primary substance. HDP is majority or minority part of Diper.
Dug channel is good channel. I don't know anything about any flags....

The Diper 70 mixture test shows further results.
1g of Diper 70 with a density of 1.2g/cm3 was tested against a 2mm steel sheet. The result was weak, only a 3mm indentation. So Diper 70 is not primary-secondary. But it is fully primary, as it can repeatedly and reliably detonate 300mg ETN in a 6/8 x 50 cavity. The last 2 pictures show a 10.5mm hole. Such a large hole was caused by the previous indentation and partial damage from the first test at the same location. Usually is it 8,5 mm only.

Liptex

When verifying one-gram samples against 2 mm steel sheet, the Liptex plastic explosive was verified at density of 1.75g/cc.
The Liptex plastic explosive is based on TACP and its exact composition is not public. The detonation velocity is variable and ranges from 5000 to 6800 m/s depending on the density, diameter of the charge, etc. The floating detonation velocity and therefore the fragmentation effect is variable for all plastic explosives. The charge had a diameter of 8 mm. Hole has diameter cca 10,5 mm. The cuted steel plate off corresponds to a VoD of around 6500 m/s. The support lines from the steel support are visible on the underside.

During the research of friction and impact sensitive mixtures, a reliable mixture was developed, which has high sensitivity like EPH 20,
but low energy like H48. And his toxicity is reduced to a minimum.
Was examinated:
Mixture EPH 20 is too power. Poisonity od EPH 20 is high. Plus can can cause hole in cup on side of firing pin. Nitrocellulose decrease brisantion of EPH 20, same as bigger ammount of glass. But poisonity of entire mixture is main problem further.
Was examinated:
Mixture H48 is corrosive, his oxicity is low but his sensitivity is also low and unreliable in some applications.
Therefore was developed and examinated in long time of weeks a new mixture, which takes the best from both substances.
In Laboratory of Liptakov was developed mixture H48 + 5% LH. Called as work name Hypo 48.
Ratios in part by weight: Sb2S3 30 + S 11 + KClO3 59 + Pb(H2PO2)2 5 . Compounds mix under water + IPA 1:1. Create wet grain 1x1 mm. Final drying on surface 40C. On bottom cup pour carborundum black grain from abrasive paper, which is harder than glass. 0.5 - 1 mm. Second layer is 2 - 3 mm of Hyppo 48, press 1 Kg, and 1 drop nitrocellulose 5%. Cup dry at 40 C by 30 minute. Only my reccomend for reliable cup filling. Sure exist some better mixtures and procedures.

Quote: Originally posted by Laboratory of Liptakov

The Liptex plastic explosive is based on TACP and its exact composition is not public.

Are you sure it's not public? You posted it yourself: https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26...

I know it of course. On picture is simple 9 years old mixture. A new composition is different and more powerful.....