Difference between revisions of "Density"

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(→‎Common densities)
(→‎Common densities)
Line 186: Line 186:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 829
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 829
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25°C
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25°C
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| α-Pinene
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 858
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium
Line 346: Line 350:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,155
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,155
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2-Nitrotoluene
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,161.1
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| At 19°C
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium acetate
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium acetate
Line 358: Line 366:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,207
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,207
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetone peroxide
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,220
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Trimer<ref>O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1649</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrogen (gas)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrogen (gas)
Line 366: Line 378:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,261
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,261
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium chloride (hexahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Freon 12 (liquid)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Freon 12 (liquid)
Line 389: Line 405:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Pentaerythritol
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Pentaerythritol
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,396
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,396
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetylsalicylic acid
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,400
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 397: Line 417:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Honey
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Honey
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,420
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,420
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Boric acid
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,435
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 430: Line 454:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,505
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,505
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium acetate
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,509
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Xylitol
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Xylitol
Line 438: Line 466:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,532
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,532
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Citric acid (monohydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,542
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| At 18 °C
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Sucrose
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Sucrose
Line 450: Line 482:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,562.5
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,562.5
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium bicarbonate
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,586
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium sulfate (octahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,620
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Monosodium glutamate
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Monosodium glutamate
Line 466: Line 506:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,653
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,653
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Citric acid (anhydrous)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,665
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbonic acid
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,668
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium gluconate (pentahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,674
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Wieczorek; Blaszczyk; Krol; Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications; vol. 52; nb. Pt 5;(1996); p. 1193-1198</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) sulfate (octadecahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,709
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (hexahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,710
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium nitrate (nonahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,720
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium nitrate
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,725
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium
Line 480: Line 548:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Concentrated sulfuric acid
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Concentrated sulfuric acid
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,830
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (tetrahydrate)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,830
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,830
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
Line 490: Line 562:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,846
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,846
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (dihydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,850
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Beryllium
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Beryllium
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,850
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,850
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) sulfate (pentadecahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,860
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 498: Line 578:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,870
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,870
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium nitrate (tetrahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,896
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxalic acid (anhydrous)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxalic acid (anhydrous)
Line 506: Line 590:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,900
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,900
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Average human bone
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Average human bone
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,4-Dinitrobromobenzene
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,910
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur (gamma)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur (gamma)
Line 521: Line 609:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Oleum (60%)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Oleum (60%)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,000
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,000
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium sulfide
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,020
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 529: Line 621:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium nitrate
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium nitrate
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,109
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,109
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (anhydrous)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,150
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 537: Line 633:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bicarbonate
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bicarbonate
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydroxide
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,211
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium carbide
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,220
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 542: Line 646:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,230
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,230
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Average value
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Average value
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (monohydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,240
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Graphite
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Graphite
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,266
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,266
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium sulfate (dihydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,320
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 566: Line 678:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,340
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,340
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hypochlorite
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,350
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Violet phosphorus
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Violet phosphorus
Line 590: Line 706:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,460
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,460
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium chloride (anhydrous)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,480
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium nitrate (anhydrous)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,504
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium perchlorate
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium perchlorate
Line 606: Line 730:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,640
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,640
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium perchlorate
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,651
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfate (anhydrous)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfate (anhydrous)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,664
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,664
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium sulfate (anhydrous)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,672
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 618: Line 750:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,700
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,700
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium carbonate
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,830
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcite
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Scandium (liquid)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Scandium (liquid)
Line 626: Line 762:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,829
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,829
 
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Hoppe, Martin L.; Schlemper, E. O.; Murmann, R. K.; Acta Crystallographica, Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry; vol. 38; (1982); p. 2237 - 2239</ref>
 
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Hoppe, Martin L.; Schlemper, E. O.; Murmann, R. K.; Acta Crystallographica, Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry; vol. 38; (1982); p. 2237 - 2239</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium carbonate
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,830
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Aragonite
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloroauric acid (tetrahydrate)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,890
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Xenon (liquid)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Xenon (liquid)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,942
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,942
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium sulfate (anhydrous)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,960
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Scandium
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Scandium
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,985
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,985
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature
 
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) sulfate (anhydrous)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,100
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromine
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromine
Line 641: Line 793:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron trioxide (monoclinic)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron trioxide (monoclinic)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,146
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,146
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium chlorate
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,180
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 682: Line 838:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,780
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,780
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Anatase form
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Anatase form
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloroauric acid (anhydrous)
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,900
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Iodoform
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Iodoform
Line 733: Line 893:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Selenium
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Selenium
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,800
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,800
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium manganate
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,850
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 745: Line 909:
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium iodide (anhydrous)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium iodide (anhydrous)
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,150
 
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,150
 +
| style="text-align:center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) oxide
 +
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,220
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
| style="text-align:center;"|  
 
|-
 
|-

Revision as of 22:09, 16 January 2016

Stub.png This article is a stub. Please help Sciencemadness Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.

The term density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ, and sometimes the letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:

ρ = m/V

Where m = mass of the substance, V = volume.

Density is measured in g/cm3 or kg/m3.

The density of a substance is influenced by a variety of factors, such as pressure or temperature. They have little influence for most solid materials, but there's a significant effect on the density of solids and liquids.

Density is calculated depending on the type of material:

  • Homogeneous materials: The density at all regions of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume.
  • Heterogeneous materials: The density varies between different regions of the object. The density of heterogeneous materials is calculated by determining the densities of many small volumes around various locations of the said material.
  • Non-compact materials: Materials such as flakes, pellets, granules or powders contain voids, such as air, water or other fluids. The density of such materials is determined by multiple methods, such as pycnometer method or mathematical expressions for various geometric shapes.

List of densities

Common densities

Material Density (kg/m3) Notes
Hydrogen 0.08988 At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Helium 0.146 At 300 K and 101.325 kPa
Aerographite 0.2 The air inside is excluded
Neon (gas) 0.9 At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Metallic microlattice 0.9 The air inside is excluded
Aerogel 1.0 The air inside is excluded
Air 1.2 Standard conditions
Oxygen (gas) 1.308 At 300 K
Fluorine (gas) 1.696 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Argon (gas) 1.784 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Nitrous oxide (gas) 1.8724 At 15 °C and 1.013 bar
Chlorine (gas) 3.2 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Krypton (gas) 3.749 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Xenon (gas) 5.894 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Radon (gas) 9.73 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Tungsten hexafluoride (gas) 12.4 Standard conditions
Freon 12 (gas) 36.83 Standard conditions
Liquid hydrogen 70 At –255 °C
Styrofoam 75 Average type of styrofoam
Slush hydrogen 85 At -259 °C
Solid hydrogen 86 At <−259.14 °C
Liquid helium 147 At 4 K
Cork 240 Average type of cork
Pine 373
Asbestos fibers 400
Liquid methane 422.62 At 111.5 K
Lithium 535
Corn starch (loosely packed) 540 Negligible moisture
Corn starch (tightly packed) 630 Negligible moisture
Wood 700 Seasoned, typical
Oak 710
Aluminium silicate 721
RP-1 773 At 25°C
Lithium hydride 780 [1]
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine 783 At 25°C
Acetone 790
Diesel 800 At standard conditions
Gasoline 803 Average type, standard conditions
Nitrogen (liquid) 808 At boiling point
Kerosene 810 At standard conditions
Lithium-6 deuteride 820
UH25 829 At 25°C
α-Pinene 858 At 20 °C
Potassium 860
NaK (eutectic) 866 At 20°C; 77% K and 23% Na
Benzene 870 At standard conditions
Monomethylhydrazine 874 At 20°C
Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine 880
Ethylene oxide 882.6 At 10°C
Aerozine 50 900 At 25°C
Mayonnaise (traditional) 910 Traditional recipe
Butter 911
Peanut oil 914
Palm oil 915
Lithium aluminium hydride 917
Ice 916.7 At 0 °C
Olive oil 918
Body fat 918
Lard 919
Corn oil 922
Coconut oil 924
Soya oil 927
Nitrous oxide (liquid) 931 At 0 °C at 31.1 bar
Sodium 970
Silicone 993
Milk (cow, heavy cream) 994
Mayonnaise (light) 1,000
Water 1,000 At 4 °C
Saline water 1,004 (0.9% NaCl)
Pilsner (beer) 1,008 At standard conditions
Hydrazine 1,008.5 At 20 °C
Milk (cow, light cream) 1,012
Sea water 1,025 Average density at the surface
Naphthalene 1,025.3 At 20 °C
Milk (cow, whole) 1,030 At 20 °C
Milk (cow, skim) 1,033
Blood 1,035
Acetic acid 1,050
Skin 1,050
Human body (average) 1,062
Borax 1,121
Nylon 1,150
Oxygen (liquid) 1,155
2-Nitrotoluene 1,161.1 At 19°C
Ammonium acetate 1,170 At 20 °C
Plastics 1,175 Approx. for PP, PETE and PVC
Neon (liquid) 1,207 At boiling point
Acetone peroxide 1,220 Trimer[2]
Nitrogen (gas) 1,251 At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa)
Glycerol 1,261 Standard conditions
Aluminium chloride (hexahydrate) 1,300
Freon 12 (liquid) 1,311 Pressurized
Urea 1,320
Hydrazine sulfate 1,378 [3]
Corn syrup 1,380
Argon (liquid) 1,395.4 At boiling point
Pentaerythritol 1,396
Acetylsalicylic acid 1,400
Chlorobutanol 1,404
Honey 1,420
Boric acid 1,435
Dinitrogen tetroxide 1,445 At 20 °C
Hydrogen peroxide 1,450 Pure, at 20 °C
Erythritol 1,450
Rubidium (liquid) 1,460 At melting point
Sodium sulfate (decahydrate) 1,464
Sodium metabisulfite 1,480
Fuming nitric acid 1,500
Fluorine (liquid) 1,505 At boiling point
Calcium acetate 1,509
Xylitol 1,520
Rubidium 1,532 At room temperature
Citric acid (monohydrate) 1,542 At 18 °C
Sucrose 1,550
Calcium 1,550
Chlorine (liquid) 1,562.5 At boiling point
Ammonium bicarbonate 1,586
Aluminium sulfate (octahydrate) 1,620
Monosodium glutamate 1,620 At 20 °C
Tetrachloroethylene 1,622 Standard conditions
Ascorbic acid 1,650
Oxalic acid (dihydrate) 1,653
Citric acid (anhydrous) 1,665
Carbonic acid 1,668
Calcium gluconate (pentahydrate) 1,674 [4]
Chromium(III) sulfate (octadecahydrate) 1,709
Calcium chloride (hexahydrate) 1,710
Aluminium nitrate (nonahydrate) 1,720
Ammonium nitrate 1,725 At 20 °C
Magnesium 1,740
Picric acid 1,763
White phosphorus 1,823
Concentrated sulfuric acid 1,830
Calcium chloride (tetrahydrate) 1,830
Cesium (liquid) 1,843 At melting point
Sodium azide 1,846 At 20 °C
Calcium chloride (dihydrate) 1,850
Beryllium 1,850
Chromium(III) sulfate (pentadecahydrate) 1,860
Francium 1,870 Predicted, at room temperature
Calcium nitrate (tetrahydrate) 1,896
Oxalic acid (anhydrous) 1,900
Bone 1,900 Average human bone
2,4-Dinitrobromobenzene 1,910
Sulfur (gamma) 1,920
Cesium 1,930 At room temperature
Sulfur (beta) 1,960
Oleum (60%) 2,000
Aluminium sulfide 2,020
Sulfur (alfa) 2,070
Potassium nitrate 2,109
Calcium chloride (anhydrous) 2,150
Sodium chloride 2,165
Sodium bicarbonate 2,200
Calcium hydroxide 2,211
Calcium carbide 2,220
Borosilicate glass 2,230 Average value
Calcium chloride (monohydrate) 2,240
Graphite 2,266
Calcium sulfate (dihydrate) 2,320
Potassium chlorate 2,320
Silicon 2,330
Potassium metabisulfite 2,340
Red phosphorus 2,340
Boron 2,340
Calcium hypochlorite 2,350 At 20 °C
Violet phosphorus 2,360
Strontium (liquid) 2,375 At melting point
Phosphorus pentoxide 2,390
Concrete 2,400
Krypton (liquid) 2,413 At boiling point
Boron trioxide (liquid) 2,460 At melting point
Aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 2,480
Calcium nitrate (anhydrous) 2,504
Potassium perchlorate 2,523.9
Boron trioxide (trigonal) 2,550
Quartz 2,600
Strontium 2,640 At room temperature
Calcium perchlorate 2,651
Sodium sulfate (anhydrous) 2,664
Aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) 2,672
Black phosphorus 2,690
Aluminium 2,700
Calcium carbonate 2,830 Calcite
Scandium (liquid) 2,800 At melting point
Potassium ferrate 2,829 [5]
Calcium carbonate 2,830 Aragonite
Chloroauric acid (tetrahydrate) 2,890
Xenon (liquid) 2,942 At boiling point
Calcium sulfate (anhydrous) 2,960
Scandium 2,985 At room temperature
Chromium(III) sulfate (anhydrous) 3,100
Bromine 3,102.8 Standard conditions
Boron trioxide (monoclinic) 3,146
Barium chlorate 3,180
Calcium fluoride 3,180
Barium nitrate 3,240
Diiodomethane 3,325
Barium (liquid) 3,338 At melting point
Calcium oxide 3,340
Diamond 3,510
Barium 3,530 At room temperature
Chevreul's salt 3,570 [6]
Caesium hydroxide 3,675
Titanium dioxide 3,780 Anatase form
Chloroauric acid (anhydrous) 3,900
Iodoform 4,008
Zinc sulfide 4,090
Titanium dioxide 4,180 Brookite
Titanium dioxide 4,230 Rutile form
Yttrium (liquid) 4,240 At melting point
Barium carbonate 4,286
Carbon tetraiodide 4,320
Radon (liquid) 4,400 At boiling point
Yttrium 4,472
Caesium iodide 4,510
Titanium 4,540
Tungsten hexafluoride (solid) 4,560 At −9 °C
Selenium 4,800
Barium manganate 4,850
Barium iodide (dihydrate) 4,916
Iodine 4,933
Barium iodide (anhydrous) 5,150
Chromium(III) oxide 5,220
Germanium 5,323
Radium 5,500 At room temperature
Arsenic 5,727
Bismuth(III) iodide 5,778
Zirconium (liquid) 5,800 At melting point
Gallium 5,910 At room temperature
Lanthanum (liquid) 5,940 At melting point
Copper(I) oxide 6,000
Gallium (liquid) 6,095 At melting point
Vanadium 6,100
Lead(II) iodide 6,160
Lanthanum 6,162 At room temperature
Ytterbium (liquid) 6,210 At room temperature
Tellurium 6,240
Copper(II) oxide 6,310
Astatine 6,350 Predicted, at room temperature
Praseodymium (liquid) 6,500 At melting point
Zirconium 6,520
Cerium (liquid) 6,550 At melting point
Antimony 6,690
Cerium 6,770 At room temperature
Praseodymium 6,770 At room temperature
Neodymium (liquid) 6,890 At melting point
Ytterbium 6,900 At room temperature
Zinc 7,000
Neodymium 7,010 At room temperature
Indium (liquid) 7,020 At melting point
Europium (liquid) 7,130 At melting point
Samarium (liquid) 7,160 At melting point
Chromium 7,200
Promethium 7,260 At room temperature
Europium 7,264 At room temperature
Indium 7,310 At room temperature
Tin 7,310
Manganese 7,325
Gadolinium (liquid) 7,900 At melting point
Samarium 7,520 At room temperature
Terbium (liquid) 7,650 At melting point
Iron 7,780
Gadolinium 7,900 At room temperature
Terbium 8,230 At room temperature
Holmium (liquid) 8,340 At melting point
Dysprosium (liquid) 8,370 At melting point
Dysprosium 8,540 At room temperature
Thulium (liquid) 8,560 At melting point
Niobium 8,570
Brass 8,600
Cadmium 8,650
Holmium 8,790 At room temperature
Einsteinium 8,840 At room temperature
Erbium (liquid) 8,860 At melting point
Bismuth trioxide 8,900
Cobalt 8,900
Nickel 8,900
Copper 8,940
Erbium 9,066 At room temperature
Polonium (alpha) 9,196
Lutetium (liquid) 9,300 At melting point
Thulium 9,320 At room temperature
Polonium (beta) 9,398
Bismuth 9,750
Lutetium 9,841 At room temperature
Actinium 10,000 At room temperature
Molybdenum 10,220
Silver 10,500
Technertium 11,000
Thallium (liquid) 11,220 At melting point
Lead 11,340
Thorium 11,700
Thallium 11,850 At room temperature
Hafnium (liquid) 12,000 At melting point
Americium 12,000 At room temperature
Palladium 12,023
Rhodium 12,410
Ruthenium 12,450
Berkelium (beta) 13,250 At room temperature
Hafnium 13,310 At room temperature
Curium 13,510 At room temperature
Mercury 13,546
Berkelium (alpha) 14,780 At room temperature
Californium 15,100 At room temperature
Protactinium 15,370 At room temperature
Tantalum 16,600
Neptunium (gamma) 18,000 At 639 °C
Uranium 18,900
Tungsten 19,250
Gold 19,320
Neptunium (beta) 19,360 At 313 °C
Plutonium 19,840
Neptunium (alpha) 20,450 At 282 °C
Rhenium 21,020
Platinum 21,450
Iridium 22,420
Osmium 22,570
Rutherfordium 23,200 Predicted, at room temperature
Copernicium 23,700 Predicted, at room temperature
Roentgenium 28,700 Predicted, at room temperature
Dubnium 29,300 Predicted, at room temperature
Darmstadtum 34,800 Predicted, at room temperature
Seaborgium 35,000 Predicted, at room temperature
Bohrium 37,100 Predicted, at room temperature
Meitnerium 37,400 Predicted, at room temperature
Hassium 40,700 Predicted, at room temperature

Density of materials at different temperatures

Air

Temperature (°C) Density (kg/m3)
+727 0.340
+227 0.696
+35 1.146
+30 1.164
+27 1.161
+25 1.184
+20 1.204
+15 1.225
+10 1.247
+5 1.269
0 1.293
-5 1.316
-10 1.342
-15 1.368
-20 1.395
-25 1.423
-73 1.746
-173 3.556

Ammonium acetate

Temperature (°C) Density (kg/m3)
+25 °C 1,073
+20 °C 1,170

Hydrazine

Temperature (°C) Density (kg/m3)
+50 982
+25 1,004
+20 1,008.5
+15 1,014
0 1,021

Hydrogen

Temperature (°C) Density (kg/m3)
+125 0.6061
+100 0.6465
+75 0.6928
+50 0.7461
+25 0.8085
0 0.08988
-25 0.9708
-50 1.0793
-75 1.2154
-100 1.3911
-125 1.6271
-150 1.9617
-175 2.4760
-200 3.3817
-225 5.5430
-250 68.747
-255 74.252[7]

Ice

Temperature (°C) Density (kg/m3)
0 916
-50 922
-100 927

NaK

Temperature (°C) Density (kg/m3)
+100 855
+21 866

Naphthalene

Temperature (°C) Density (kg/m3)
+100 962.5
+20 1,025.3
+15.5 1,145

Water

Temperature (°C) Density (kg/m3)
+100 958.4
+80 971.8
+60 983.2
+50 988.03
+40 992.2
+30 995.6502
+25 997.0479
+22 997.7735
+20 998.2071
+15 999.1026
+10 999.7026
+4 999.9720
0 999.8395
-10 998.117
-20 993.547
-30 983.854

The values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water.

References

  1. ↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL)
  2. ↑ O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1649
  3. ↑ O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 852
  4. ↑ Wieczorek; Blaszczyk; Krol; Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications; vol. 52; nb. Pt 5;(1996); p. 1193-1198
  5. ↑ Hoppe, Martin L.; Schlemper, E. O.; Murmann, R. K.; Acta Crystallographica, Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry; vol. 38; (1982); p. 2237 - 2239
  6. ↑ Etard, A.; Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences; vol. 93; (1881); p. 725 - 727
  7. ↑ http://hydrogen.pnl.gov/hydrogen-data/hydrogen-density-different-temperatures-and-pressures
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