Difference between revisions of "Cooling bath"

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Cooling baths are solutions or mixtures that allow for cooling during a reaction or experiment. Many different solutions and mixtures are available to the amateur, often using ice or dry ice ([[Carbon dioxide]]) as a chilling source.
+
'''Cooling baths''' are solutions or mixtures that allow for cooling during a reaction or experiment. Many different solutions and mixtures are available to the amateur, often using ice or dry ice ([[Carbon dioxide]]) as a chilling source.
  
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== Types of Mixtures ==
+
== Common mixtures ==
 
The below list is of basic, common, and easy to use mixtures<ref>http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Reference/Lab_Techniques/Cooling_baths</ref>.
 
The below list is of basic, common, and easy to use mixtures<ref>http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Reference/Lab_Techniques/Cooling_baths</ref>.
−
* Ice (0 °C) - Grind for best use.
+
* Ice (0 °C) - Grind ice  for best use. Snow (if available) can also be used.
 
* Ice/NaCl at 1:1 (-20 °C) - Works best if ground. Saltwater and dry ice works well too. This is one of the cheapest and easy to make.
 
* Ice/NaCl at 1:1 (-20 °C) - Works best if ground. Saltwater and dry ice works well too. This is one of the cheapest and easy to make.
 
* Acetonitrile/Dry Ice (-40 °C) - Add dry ice slowly.
 
* Acetonitrile/Dry Ice (-40 °C) - Add dry ice slowly.
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Other types:
 
Other types:
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* Liquid nitrogen/Ethanol (-116°C) - Extremely cold, when it forms the surface will rapidly freeze, but the crust is easy to break. Once the liquid nitrogen will evaporate, the ethanol will have the consistency of a syrup.
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* Liquid nitrogen/Ethanol (-116°C) - Extremely cold, when it forms the surface will rapidly freeze, but the crust is easy to break. Once all the liquid nitrogen will evaporate, the ethanol will have the consistency of a syrup.
  
 +
==List of cooling baths==
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"|Cooling agent
 +
! scope="col"|Carrier
 +
! scope="col"|T (°C)
 +
! scope="col"|Notes
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| p-Xylene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 13 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dioxane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 12 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Cyclohexane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 6 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Benzene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 5 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Formamide
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 2 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Crushed ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Water/ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 0 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ammonium chloride
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -5 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 1/0.3 ice to salt ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Aniline
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -6 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -8 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 1/1.1 ice to salt ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Calcium chloride hexahydrate
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -10 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 2.5/1 ice to salt ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Table salt
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -5 → -20 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ethylene glycol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -10.5 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Cycloheptane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -12 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Benzyl alcohol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -15 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Tetrachloroethylene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -22 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Carbon tetrachloride
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -22.8 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 1,3-Dichlorobenezene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -25 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| o-Xylene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -29 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| m-Toluidine
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -32 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Acetonitrile
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -41 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Pyridine
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -42 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| m-Xylene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -47 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| n-Octane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -56 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Diisopropyl ether
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -60 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Acetone
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -77 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Butyl acetate
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -77 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Propyl amine
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -83 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ethyl acetate
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -83.6 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Butanol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -89 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Hexane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -94 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Acetone
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -94.6 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Toluene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -95.1 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Methanol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -98 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Diethyl ether
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -100 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Cyclohexane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -104 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ethanol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -116 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Diethyl ether
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -116 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| n-Pentane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -131 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Isopentane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -160 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -196 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|}
 +
<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cooling_baths</ref>
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
A more complete list of cooling baths can be obtained at the chem-wiki reference.
 
A more complete list of cooling baths can be obtained at the chem-wiki reference.

Revision as of 19:23, 5 September 2015

Stub.png This article is a stub. Please help Sciencemadness Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.

Cooling baths are solutions or mixtures that allow for cooling during a reaction or experiment. Many different solutions and mixtures are available to the amateur, often using ice or dry ice (Carbon dioxide) as a chilling source.

Common mixtures

The below list is of basic, common, and easy to use mixtures[1].

  • Ice (0 °C) - Grind ice for best use. Snow (if available) can also be used.
  • Ice/NaCl at 1:1 (-20 °C) - Works best if ground. Saltwater and dry ice works well too. This is one of the cheapest and easy to make.
  • Acetonitrile/Dry Ice (-40 °C) - Add dry ice slowly.
  • Acetone/Dry Ice (-78 °C) - Mix slowly, may produce lots of CO2.

Other types:

  • Liquid nitrogen/Ethanol (-116°C) - Extremely cold, when it forms the surface will rapidly freeze, but the crust is easy to break. Once all the liquid nitrogen will evaporate, the ethanol will have the consistency of a syrup.

List of cooling baths

Cooling agent Carrier T (°C) Notes
Dry ice p-Xylene 13 °C
Dry ice Dioxane 12 °C
Dry ice Cyclohexane 6 °C
Dry ice Benzene 5 °C
Dry ice Formamide 2 °C
Crushed ice Water/ice 0 °C
Ice Ammonium chloride -5 °C 1/0.3 ice to salt ratio
Liquid nitrogen Aniline -6 °C
Ice Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate -8 °C 1/1.1 ice to salt ratio
Ice Calcium chloride hexahydrate -10 °C 2.5/1 ice to salt ratio
Ice Table salt -5 → -20 °C
Dry ice Ethylene glycol -10.5 °C
Dry ice Cycloheptane -12 °C
Dry ice Benzyl alcohol -15 °C
Dry ice Tetrachloroethylene -22 °C
Dry ice Carbon tetrachloride -22.8 °C
Dry ice 1,3-Dichlorobenezene -25 °C
Dry ice o-Xylene -29 °C
Dry ice m-Toluidine -32 °C
Dry ice Acetonitrile -41 °C
Dry ice Pyridine -42 °C
Dry ice m-Xylene -47 °C
Dry ice n-Octane -56 °C
Dry ice Diisopropyl ether -60 °C
Dry ice Acetone -77 °C
Dry ice Butyl acetate -77 °C
Dry ice Propyl amine -83 °C
Liquid nitrogen Ethyl acetate -83.6 °C
Liquid nitrogen Butanol -89 °C
Liquid nitrogen Hexane -94 °C
Liquid nitrogen Acetone -94.6 °C
Liquid nitrogen Toluene -95.1 °C
Liquid nitrogen Methanol -98 °C
Dry ice Diethyl ether -100 °C
Liquid nitrogen Cyclohexane -104 °C
Liquid nitrogen Ethanol -116 °C
Liquid nitrogen Diethyl ether -116 °C
Liquid nitrogen n-Pentane -131 °C
Liquid nitrogen Isopentane -160 °C
Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen -196 °C

[2]

References

A more complete list of cooling baths can be obtained at the chem-wiki reference.

  1. ↑ http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Reference/Lab_Techniques/Cooling_baths
  2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cooling_baths

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

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