Difference between revisions of "Magnesium"
| Line 271: | Line 271: | ||
|engvar= | |engvar= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Magnesium''' is an [[alkaline earth metal]] with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is one of the most powerful [[reducer|reducing agent]]s available to the amateur chemist, even more so than [[zinc]]. However, it is impossible to plate magnesium out of an aqueous solution, and it is generally not feasible to recover the metal. | + | '''Magnesium''' is an [[alkaline earth metal]] with the symbol '''Mg''' and atomic number 12. It is one of the most powerful [[reducer|reducing agent]]s available to the amateur chemist, even more so than [[zinc]]. However, it is impossible to plate magnesium out of an aqueous solution, and it is generally not feasible to recover the metal. |
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
| Line 309: | Line 309: | ||
===Storage=== | ===Storage=== | ||
| − | Magnesium metal will slowly corrode in air and turn dark gray. To prevent this, storage under [[mineral oil]] is sufficient. For long-term storage, [[Ampoule|ampouling]] is a viable solution, though rarely necessary. | + | Magnesium metal will slowly corrode in air and turn dark gray. To prevent this, storage under [[mineral oil]] is sufficient. For long-term storage, [[Ampoule|ampouling]] is a viable solution, though rarely necessary. Keep it away from acidic vapors and corrosive gases. |
===Disposal=== | ===Disposal=== | ||
Revision as of 18:45, 3 December 2017
 Magnesium ribbon stored in mineral oil to prevent oxidation | |||||
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Magnesium, Mg | ||||
| Appearance | Silvery-white | ||||
| Magnesium in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 12 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 24.305 | ||||
| Group, block | (alkaline earth metals); s-block | ||||
| Period | period 3 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 | ||||
per shell | 2, 8, 2 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Silvery-white | |||||
| Phase | Solid | ||||
| Melting point | 923 K (650 °C, 1202 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 1363 K (1091 °C, 1994 °F) | ||||
| Density near r.t. | 1.738 g/cm3 | ||||
| when liquid, at | 1.584 g/cm3 | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 8.48 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 128 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 24.869 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | +2, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.31 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 737.7 kJ/mol 2nd: 1450.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 7732.7 kJ/mol | ||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 160 pm | ||||
| Covalent radius | 141±7 pm | ||||
| Van der Waals radius | 173 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) | ||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 4940 m/s (at ) (annealed) | ||||
| Thermal expansion | 24.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 156 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 4.39·10-8 Ω·m (at 20 °C) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | Paramagnetic | ||||
| Young's modulus | 45 GPa | ||||
| Shear modulus | 17 GPa | ||||
| Bulk modulus | 45 GPa | ||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.29 | ||||
| Mohs hardness | 1–2.5 | ||||
| Brinell hardness | 44–260 MPa | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7439-95-4 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Naming | After Magnesia, Greece | ||||
| Discovery | Joseph Black (1755) | ||||
| First isolation | Humphry Davy (1808) | ||||
Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is one of the most powerful reducing agents available to the amateur chemist, even more so than zinc. However, it is impossible to plate magnesium out of an aqueous solution, and it is generally not feasible to recover the metal.
Contents
Properties
Physical properties
Magnesium is a light, grayish metal. Oxidized pieces are a darker shade of gray, and tend to have a white powder of magnesium oxide on the surface. It has a low melting point of 650 °C, though the metal will ignite in air before it reaches that temperature.
Chemical properties
Magnesium is an extremely powerful reducing agent, though it is relatively stable in air due to the formation of a partial passivation layer. When stored in air, magnesium will slowly oxidize, so it is advisable to store it in a sealed container. In water, magnesium pieces react only slowly to form magnesium hydroxide. It does not react with alkali solutions. However, the metal will react vigorously in dilute acids to form corresponding magnesium salts. Most of these are soluble except for the hydroxide, fluoride, and carbonate. In air, magnesium will ignite with a very hot white flame to form a mixture that consists mostly of magnesium oxide, but also contains some magnesium nitride. The color of the flame is a noticeably purer white than that of titanium or zirconium flames, which appear slightly yellowish.
Availability and sources
Magnesium powder can be purchased from eBay, at varying prices, depending on the particle size.
Fire starting kits often contain magnesium of 95% purity, which is sufficient for most simple reductions.
Some pencil sharpeners, such as those manufactured by KUM and Staedtler are made of magnesium, in case of the latter, 95% pure. A simple test to see if these are made of magnesium or not involves heating one in a blowtorch flame for about 30 seconds (outside!); if it is magnesium, it will catch fire and give off intense white light. A less destructive method involves adding a few drops of aqueous NaOH on the sharpener surface. Magnesium does not react with sodium hydroxide, but aluminium will. These can be found at University of California campuses. They are easily identifiable by their light weight.
Magnesium products of higher purity can be bought from GalliumSource. It is sold as turnings (coarse and fine), ribbon, ingots, rods, and foil.
Magnesium strips can be bought from United Nuclear.
Another good source of magnesium is the sacrificial anodes used in many water heaters. They can be cheaply found at most plumbing stores. One rod generally has around 200 g of magnesium metal and costs around 8-12 $.
Preparation
Elemental magnesium is difficult to prepare, due to it's high reactivity. The industrial method involves the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride or an eutectic mixture of MgCl2 and KCl (melting point 450°C), in a Downs cell. This process requires the use of corrosion resistant alloy crucibles, as molten magnesium chloride is very corrosive. The process takes place in an inert atmosphere, either argon or more often sulfur hexafluoride.
Projects
- Make flash powder (water sensitive)
- Make thermite
- Grignard reactions
- Make potassium metal
Handling
Safety
Magnesium and its compounds are not particularly toxic. Bulk magnesium is not prone to ignition, but magnesium powder and turnings are. Water and Carbon Dioxide extinguishers must NEVER be used to put out magnesium fires, as this accelerates the burning and can produce toxic and/or explosive gasses as a byproduct. Dry sand can be used to fight burning magnesium.
Never consume magnesium or its compounds, when produced in the laboratory, as a supplement.
Storage
Magnesium metal will slowly corrode in air and turn dark gray. To prevent this, storage under mineral oil is sufficient. For long-term storage, ampouling is a viable solution, though rarely necessary. Keep it away from acidic vapors and corrosive gases.
Disposal
No special disposal procedures are required for magnesium and magnesium compounds. Discard them as you wish.
