Difference between revisions of "Density"
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Revision as of 22:08, 12 October 2015
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The term density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ, and sometimes the letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:
- ρ = m/V
Where m = mass of the substance, V = volume.
Density is measured in g/cm3 or kg/m3.
The density of a substance is influenced by a variety of factors, such as pressure or temperature. They have little influence for most solid materials, but there's a significant effect on the density of solids and liquids.
Density is calculated depending on the type of material:
- Homogeneous materials: The density at all regions of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume.
- Heterogeneous materials: The density varies between different regions of the object. The density of heterogeneous materials is calculated by determining the densities of many small volumes around various locations of the said material.
- Non-compact materials: Materials such as flakes, pellets, granules or powders contain voids, such as air, water or other fluids. The density of such materials is determined by multiple methods, such as pycnometer method or mathematical expressions for various geometric shapes.
Contents
List of densities
Common densities
| Material | Density (kg/m3) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | 0.08988 g/L | At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa |
| Helium | 0.1786 | At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa |
| Aerographite | 0.2 | The air inside is excluded |
| Metallic microlattice | 0.9 | Idem |
| Aerogel | 1.0 | Idem |
| Air | 1.2 | Standard conditions |
| Tungsten hexafluoride (gas) | 12.4 | Standard conditions |
| Liquid hydrogen | 70 | At –255 °C |
| Styrofoam | 75 | Average type of styrofoam |
| Slush hydrogen | 85 | At -259 °C |
| Solid hydrogen | 86 | At <−259.14 °C |
| Cork | 240 | Average type of cork |
| Pine | 373 | |
| Lithium | 535 | |
| Wood | 700 | Seasoned, typical |
| Oak | 710 | |
| Potassium | 860 | |
| Ice | 916.7 | At 0 °C |
| Sodium | 970 | |
| Water | 1,000 | At 4 °C |
| Sea water | 1,030 | |
| Nylon | 1,150 | |
| Plastics | 1,175 | Approx. for PP, PETE and PVC |
| Glycerol | 1,261 | Standard conditions |
| Tetrachloroethene | 1,622 | Standard conditions |
| Fuming nitric acid | 1,500 | |
| Calcium | 1,550 | |
| Magnesium | 1,740 | |
| Concentrated sulfuric acid | 1,830 | |
| Beryllium | 1,850 | |
| Sulfur (gamma) | 1,920 | |
| Oleum (60%) | 2,000 | |
| Sulfur (beta) | 1,960 | |
| Sulfur (alfa) | 2,070 | |
| Silicon | 2,330 | |
| Concrete | 2,400 | |
| Aluminium | 2,700 | |
| Bromine | 3,102.8 | Standard conditions |
| Diiodomethane | 3,325 | |
| Diamond | 3,500 | |
| Iodoform | 4,008 | |
| Carbon tetraiodide | 4,320 | |
| Titanium | 4,540 | |
| Tungsten hexafluoride (solid) | 4,560 | At −9 °C |
| Selenium | 4,800 | |
| Iodine | 4,933 | |
| Germanium | 5,323 | |
| Vanadium | 6,100 | |
| Tellurium | 6,240 | |
| Antimony | 6,690 | |
| Zinc | 7,000 | |
| Chromium | 7,200 | |
| Tin | 7,310 | |
| Manganese | 7,325 | |
| Iron | 7,780 | |
| Niobium | 8,570 | |
| Brass | 8,600 | |
| Cadmium | 8,650 | |
| Cobalt | 8,900 | |
| Nickel | 8,900 | |
| Copper | 8,940 | |
| Bismuth | 9,750 | |
| Molybdenum | 10,220 | |
| Silver | 10,500 | |
| Technertium | 11,000 | |
| Lead | 11,340 | |
| Thorium | 11,700 | |
| Palladium | 12,023 | |
| Rhodium | 12,410 | |
| Ruthenium | 12,450 | |
| Mercury | 13,546 | |
| Tantalum | 16,600 | |
| Uranium | 18,900 | |
| Tungsten | 19,250 | |
| Gold | 19,320 | |
| Plutonium | 19,840 | |
| Rhenium | 21,020 | |
| Platinum | 21,450 | |
| Iridium | 22,420 | |
| Osmium | 22,570 |
Density of materials at different temperatures
Water
| Temperature | Density (kg/m3) |
|---|---|
| +100 | 958.4 |
| +80 | 971.8 |
| +60 | 983.2 |
| +40 | 992.2 |
| +30 | 995.6502 |
| +25 | 997.0479 |
| +22 | 997.7735 |
| +20 | 998.2071 |
| +15 | 999.1026 |
| +10 | 999.7026 |
| +4 | 999.9720 |
| 0 | 999.8395 |
| -10 | 998.117 |
| -20 | 993.547 |
| -30 | 983.854 |
The values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water.
