Difference between revisions of "Nitrocellulose"
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| + | | Name = Nitrocellulose | ||
| + | | Reference = | ||
| + | | IUPACName = [(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate | ||
| + | | PIN = | ||
| + | | SystematicName = | ||
| + | | OtherNames = Cellulose nitrate<br>Collodion<br>Flash cotton<br>Flash paper<br>Flash string<br>Gun cotton<br>Nitrocotton<br>Pyroxylin | ||
| + | <!-- Images --> | ||
| + | | ImageFile = Cellulose nitrate.png | ||
| + | | ImageSize = 250 | ||
| + | | ImageAlt = | ||
| + | | ImageName = | ||
| + | | ImageCaption = A section of nitrocellulose, which is a polymer that forms long chains. | ||
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| + | <!-- Sections --> | ||
| + | | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | ||
| + | | 3DMet = | ||
| + | | Abbreviations = | ||
| + | | SMILES = | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | ||
| + | | AtmosphericOHRateConstant = | ||
| + | | Appearance = White to yellowish solid | ||
| + | | BoilingPt = | ||
| + | | BoilingPtC = | ||
| + | | BoilingPt_ref = Decomposes, ignites | ||
| + | | Density = 0.77 g/cm<sup>3</sup> | ||
| + | | Formula = (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>9</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>)O<sub>5</sub>)n<br>(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)n<br>(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)n<br>(n=2-2.4) | ||
| + | | HenryConstant = | ||
| + | | LogP = | ||
| + | | MolarMass = 459-594 g/mol | ||
| + | | MeltingPt = | ||
| + | | MeltingPtC = 160-170 | ||
| + | | MeltingPt_ref = | ||
| + | | MeltingPt_notes = (ignites) | ||
| + | | Odor = Slight etheric odor | ||
| + | | pKa = | ||
| + | | pKb = | ||
| + | | Solubility = Insoluble | ||
| + | | SolubleOther = Soluble in glacial [[acetic acid]], [[amyl acetate]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]], [[isopropanol]] | ||
| + | | Solvent = | ||
| + | | VaporPressure = | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | ||
| + | | Coordination = | ||
| + | | CrystalStruct = | ||
| + | | MolShape = | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry | ||
| + | | DeltaGf = | ||
| + | | DeltaHc = | ||
| + | | DeltaHf = | ||
| + | | Entropy = | ||
| + | | HeatCapacity = | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive | ||
| + | | ShockSens = | ||
| + | | FrictionSens = | ||
| + | | DetonationV = | ||
| + | | REFactor = | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards | ||
| + | | AutoignitionPt = 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K) | ||
| + | | ExploLimits = | ||
| + | | ExternalMSDS = [http://pyrodata.com/sites/default/files/Nitroeng.pdf Votorantim] | ||
| + | | FlashPt = 4.4 °C (39.9 °F; 277.5 K) | ||
| + | | LD50 = | ||
| + | | LC50 = | ||
| + | | MainHazards = Extremely flammable | ||
| + | | NFPA-F = | ||
| + | | NFPA-H = | ||
| + | | NFPA-R = | ||
| + | | NFPA-S = | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | | Section7 = {{Chembox Related | ||
| + | | OtherAnions = | ||
| + | | OtherCations = | ||
| + | | OtherFunction = | ||
| + | | OtherFunction_label = | ||
| + | | OtherCompounds = [[Nitroglycerin]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | }} | ||
'''Nitrocellulose''', also known as '''cellulose nitrate''', '''guncotton''' and '''NC''', is the nitrate ester of [[cellulose]]. It has the property of burning very rapidly, almost in a flash, leaving little to no ashes behind. Nitrocellulose can be nitrated to various degrees. As it consists of long chains of nitrated glucose units, its nitrogen content rather than a number of nitro groups per molecule is usually used to describe quality. The theoretical maximum is 14.15% N, which corresponds to three nitro groups per glucose unit. | '''Nitrocellulose''', also known as '''cellulose nitrate''', '''guncotton''' and '''NC''', is the nitrate ester of [[cellulose]]. It has the property of burning very rapidly, almost in a flash, leaving little to no ashes behind. Nitrocellulose can be nitrated to various degrees. As it consists of long chains of nitrated glucose units, its nitrogen content rather than a number of nitro groups per molecule is usually used to describe quality. The theoretical maximum is 14.15% N, which corresponds to three nitro groups per glucose unit. | ||
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===Physical=== | ===Physical=== | ||
| − | Nitrocellulose is a white or yellowish solid compound, soluble in many organic solvents, such as ethanol, isopropanol, ether. | + | Nitrocellulose is a white or yellowish solid compound, soluble in many organic solvents, such as [[ethanol]], [[isopropanol]], ether. |
==Availability== | ==Availability== | ||
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The first celluloid films, aka "nitrate films" are also made of nitrocellulose, but are no longer manufactured and unless they're very degraded it's a waste to destroy them, as they're valuable on their own. | The first celluloid films, aka "nitrate films" are also made of nitrocellulose, but are no longer manufactured and unless they're very degraded it's a waste to destroy them, as they're valuable on their own. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Flash paper and flash cotton are made of very pure nitrocellulose and can be cheaply bought from any magician props suppliers/stores. | ||
| + | |||
| + | An interesting method of extracting nitrocellulose from various gunpowders have been described, where the the powder is washed with six times with three different solvents, three times with [[methanol]], one with [[dichloromethane]], again with methanol and a final one with [[water]].<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914010002274</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Nitrocellulose membranes are used in molecular biology for Western blotting. This is not likely to be a cost effective source, but may be a pleasant surprise in e.g. a lot of lab supplies off eBay. | ||
==Preparation== | ==Preparation== | ||
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Dry nitrocellulose is a powerful [[low explosive]] and is very easily ignited. While pure, clean nitrocellulose is mostly stable and can be safely handled, nitrocellulose that contains remaining traces of acid is very unstable and may spontaneously combust in air. It should be handled and treated with great care as with other explosives. While not as immediately dangerous as pieces of guncotton, solutions of nitrocellulose in a solvent and dry lacquers are very flammable, and should be kept away from all open flames and heat sources. | Dry nitrocellulose is a powerful [[low explosive]] and is very easily ignited. While pure, clean nitrocellulose is mostly stable and can be safely handled, nitrocellulose that contains remaining traces of acid is very unstable and may spontaneously combust in air. It should be handled and treated with great care as with other explosives. While not as immediately dangerous as pieces of guncotton, solutions of nitrocellulose in a solvent and dry lacquers are very flammable, and should be kept away from all open flames and heat sources. | ||
| − | + | When the temperature is increased to 160-170ºC and above, it will spontaneously ignite without an external spark or flame.<ref>http://safety.com.sg/pds/files/pdf/Safe%20Use%20&%20Handling%20&%20Storage%20of%20Nitrocellulose.pdf</ref> | |
| − | + | ||
===Storage=== | ===Storage=== | ||
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[[Category:Energetic materials]] | [[Category:Energetic materials]] | ||
[[Category:Low explosives]] | [[Category:Low explosives]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Secondary explosives]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Polymers]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:26, 4 March 2019
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This article is a stub. Please help Sciencemadness Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.
|
 A section of nitrocellulose, which is a polymer that forms long chains.
| |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate
| |
| Other names
Cellulose nitrate
Collodion Flash cotton Flash paper Flash string Gun cotton Nitrocotton Pyroxylin | |
| Properties | |
| (C6H9(NO2)O5)n (C6H8(NO2)2O5)n (C6H7(NO2)3O5)n (n=2-2.4) | |
| Molar mass | 459-594 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to yellowish solid |
| Odor | Slight etheric odor |
| Density | 0.77 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 160–170 °C (320–338 °F; 433–443 K) (ignites) |
| Insoluble | |
| Solubility | Soluble in glacial acetic acid, amyl acetate, diethyl ether, ethanol, isopropanol |
| Hazards | |
| Safety data sheet | Votorantim |
| Flash point | 4.4 °C (39.9 °F; 277.5 K) |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds
|
Nitroglycerin |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| Infobox references | |
Nitrocellulose, also known as cellulose nitrate, guncotton and NC, is the nitrate ester of cellulose. It has the property of burning very rapidly, almost in a flash, leaving little to no ashes behind. Nitrocellulose can be nitrated to various degrees. As it consists of long chains of nitrated glucose units, its nitrogen content rather than a number of nitro groups per molecule is usually used to describe quality. The theoretical maximum is 14.15% N, which corresponds to three nitro groups per glucose unit.
Contents
Properties
Chemical
Nitrocellulose will burn when ignited.
Physical
Nitrocellulose is a white or yellowish solid compound, soluble in many organic solvents, such as ethanol, isopropanol, ether.
Availability
Nitrocellulose can be found in ping pong balls, as its dinitrate form mixed with camphor, in a 75:25 ratio. It can be extracted with acetone, though this process is complex and requires lots of ping pong balls.
The first celluloid films, aka "nitrate films" are also made of nitrocellulose, but are no longer manufactured and unless they're very degraded it's a waste to destroy them, as they're valuable on their own.
Flash paper and flash cotton are made of very pure nitrocellulose and can be cheaply bought from any magician props suppliers/stores.
An interesting method of extracting nitrocellulose from various gunpowders have been described, where the the powder is washed with six times with three different solvents, three times with methanol, one with dichloromethane, again with methanol and a final one with water.[1]
Nitrocellulose membranes are used in molecular biology for Western blotting. This is not likely to be a cost effective source, but may be a pleasant surprise in e.g. a lot of lab supplies off eBay.
Preparation
Nitrocellulose is produced via the nitration of a source of cellulose, such as cotton. A synthesis of this procedure can be found here.
Burning test of the resulted NC can be seen in the video gallery below.
Uses
Nitrocellulose with a high nitrogen content (above 13% N) is a moderately powerful explosive. It is rarely used as an explosive in its pure form however. It is more common as a gelling agent for nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate in the production of blasting gelatin.
Nitrocellulose is also used in pyrotechnics and by magicians as a special effect. Small samples of good quality nitrocellulose can be burned in one's bare hands without causing burns, thanks to its high burn rate and absence of solid residue.
Projects
- Flash paper
- Smokeless powder
Handling
Safety
Dry nitrocellulose is a powerful low explosive and is very easily ignited. While pure, clean nitrocellulose is mostly stable and can be safely handled, nitrocellulose that contains remaining traces of acid is very unstable and may spontaneously combust in air. It should be handled and treated with great care as with other explosives. While not as immediately dangerous as pieces of guncotton, solutions of nitrocellulose in a solvent and dry lacquers are very flammable, and should be kept away from all open flames and heat sources.
When the temperature is increased to 160-170ºC and above, it will spontaneously ignite without an external spark or flame.[2]
Storage
Nitrocellulose and nitrocellulose solutions should be stored away from any ignition source, preferably in a separate fire-proof cabinet. NC fires are notoriously hard to extinguish and can even continue to burn after being submerged underwater, as they don't require atmospheric oxygen to continue burning.
Nitrocellulose will slowly decompose over time, unless stored in cold dark places. Old film nitrates degradation is a well known phenomenon.
Disposal
Nitrocellulose can neutralized by heating it.
Gallery
Videos
References
- Chemistry and Technology of Explosives - Volume II, first edition, 1965
- ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914010002274
- ↑ http://safety.com.sg/pds/files/pdf/Safe%20Use%20&%20Handling%20&%20Storage%20of%20Nitrocellulose.pdf
