Difference between revisions of "Oxygen"
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| − | '''Oxygen''' is the 8th element on the periodic table and is the second strongest [[oxidizer]], second to fluorine. It has the atomic weight of ~16 (15.9949), but as a gas it is diatomic with a molar mass of ~32. | + | '''Oxygen''' (symbol: '''O''') is the 8th element on the periodic table and is the second strongest [[oxidizer]], second to [[fluorine]]. It has the atomic weight of ~16 (15.9949), but as a gas it is diatomic with a molar mass of ~32. |
==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
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It is highly electronegative, with a 3.44 on the Pauling scale. It reacts directly with almost every element, a major exception being most of the noble metals and gases (except for [[xenon]]). | It is highly electronegative, with a 3.44 on the Pauling scale. It reacts directly with almost every element, a major exception being most of the noble metals and gases (except for [[xenon]]). | ||
| − | It reacts with many metals to form oxides. These reactions can be slow and gradual (as is the rusting of [[iron]]) or extremely fast, as in the combustion of [[cesium]]. | + | It reacts with many metals to form oxides. These reactions can be slow and gradual (as is the rusting of [[iron]]) or extremely fast, as in the combustion of [[caesium|cesium]]. |
===Physical=== | ===Physical=== | ||
Revision as of 13:08, 22 December 2017
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| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Oxygen, O | ||||
| Allotropes | Dioxygen, ozone, tetraoxygen | ||||
| Appearance |
Colorless (gas) Blueish liquid (liquid) | ||||
| Oxygen in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 8 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 15.999 | ||||
| Group, block | (chalcogens); p-block | ||||
| Period | period 2 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [He] 2s2 2p4 | ||||
per shell | 2, 6 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Colorless | |||||
| Phase | Gas | ||||
| Melting point | 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 90.188 K (−182.962 °C, −297.332 °F) | ||||
| Density at (0 °C and 101.325 kPa) | 1.429 g/L | ||||
| when liquid, at | 1.141 g/cm3 | ||||
| Triple point | 54.361 K, 0.1463 kPa | ||||
| Critical point | 154.581 K, 5.043 MPa | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 0.444 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 6.82 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 29.378 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | 2, 1, −1, −2 | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 3.44 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 1313.9 kJ/mol 2nd: 3388.3 kJ/mol 3rd: 5300.5 kJ/mol | ||||
| Covalent radius | 66±2 pm | ||||
| Van der Waals radius | 152 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | Cubic | ||||
| Speed of sound | 330 m/s (gas, at 27 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 26.58×10−3 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | Paramagnetic | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7782-44-7 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Discovery | Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1771) | ||||
| Named by | Antoine Lavoisier (1777) | ||||
Oxygen (symbol: O) is the 8th element on the periodic table and is the second strongest oxidizer, second to fluorine. It has the atomic weight of ~16 (15.9949), but as a gas it is diatomic with a molar mass of ~32.
Contents
Properties
Chemical
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and typically exists with two lone pairs of electrons.
It is highly electronegative, with a 3.44 on the Pauling scale. It reacts directly with almost every element, a major exception being most of the noble metals and gases (except for xenon).
It reacts with many metals to form oxides. These reactions can be slow and gradual (as is the rusting of iron) or extremely fast, as in the combustion of cesium.
Physical
Although in gas form it is indistinguishable from other common gases, in liquid form it is pale blue (and highly reactive). Oxygen is paramagnetic.
Oxygen has several allotrope forms, with dioxygen and ozone (trioxygen) being the most important.
Availability
Gaseous oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere. For higher concentrations, compressed oxygen can be procured from the companies that sell welding products as well as scuba diving stores. Cryogenic liquid oxygen is harder to get because unlike liquid nitrogen it is a fire and explosive hazard, when it (accidentally) enters in contact with organic materials.
Preparation
Oxygen is extracted from air by fractional distillation on an industrial scale.
In the lab, it can be isolated by:
- electrolysis of water with containing ions
- heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide,
- decomposing hydrogen peroxide with manganese dioxide
- Decomposition of hypochlorite solution (laundry bleach) using a small amount of cobalt chloride as a catalyst
- heating potassium permanganate.
A way to make liquid oxygen involves liquifying normal air with liquid nitrogen and collecting the oxygen-rich layer on top.
Handling
Safety
Atmospheric oxygen is not a hazard to health, however at high concentration it becomes dangerous to the lungs and can cause blindness. At concentrations over 50%, it will greatly amplify any exothermic reaction. Liquid oxygen is a fire and explosive hazard when in contact with organic materials and a fire source. It can also cause frostbites if it touches the skin.
Storage
Oxygen tanks and dewars should be kept in dark and cool places, away from any combustible materials. Periodically check the valves for any leaks.
Disposal
Oxygen can be safely released in open air, but never in closed places.
