Difference between revisions of "Magnesium"
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===Chemical properties=== | ===Chemical properties=== | ||
| − | Magnesium is an extremely powerful reducing agent, though it is relatively stable in air due to the formation of a partial passivation layer. | + | Magnesium is an extremely powerful reducing agent, though it is relatively stable in air due to the formation of a partial passivation layer. In air, magnesium will ignite with a very hot white flame to form a mixture that consists mostly of magnesium oxide, but also contains some [[magnesium nitride]]. |
| + | |||
| + | : 2 Mg + O<sub>2</sub> → 2 MgO | ||
| + | : 3 Mg + N<sub>2</sub> → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The color of the flame is a noticeably purer white than that of [[titanium]] or [[zirconium]] flames, which appear slightly yellowish. Dangerous amounts of UV light is produced when magnesium burns, necessitating eye protection if one were to stare directly at the flame. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Magnesium reacts with [[carbon dioxide]] exothermically to form [[magnesium oxide]] and [[carbon]]: | ||
| + | |||
| + | : 2 Mg + CO<sub>2</sub> → 2 MgO + C | ||
| + | |||
| + | Hence, carbon dioxide fuels rather than extinguishes magnesium fires. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Powdered Mg reacts with [[hydrogen]] at high pressure and temperature (200 atmospheres, 500 °C), in the presence of magnesium iodide catalyst, to yield magnesium hydride. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In water, magnesium pieces react only slowly to form [[magnesium hydroxide]], due to the build-up of magnesium hydroxide on the surface of the pure magnesium metal, which slows down any further reaction. Powdered magnesium, however, reacts much more vigorously with water. | ||
| + | |||
| + | : Mg + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Magnesium metal does not react with alkali solutions. However, the metal will react vigorously in dilute acids to form corresponding magnesium salts. | ||
| + | |||
| + | : Mg + 2 HX → MgX<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Most of these are soluble except for the hydroxide, fluoride, and carbonate. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Magnesium is the choice reducing agent when extracting lanthanide metals from their salts, as well as many transition metals that cannot be extracted via carbon thermoreduction. Magnesium metal can also be used to obtain alkali metals, like sodium, potassium and even rubidium and caesium (but not lithium) by reducing their respective hydroxide, either in a [[Thermochemical dioxane approach|thermoreduction process]] or by [[Alcohol catalyzed alkali metal production|stirring the Mg-MOH mixture in an inert solvent with a tertiary alcohol as catalyst at high temperature for several hours or days]]. | ||
==Availability and sources== | ==Availability and sources== | ||
| − | + | A good and readily available source of magnesium is the sacrificial anodes used in many water heaters. They can be cheaply found at most plumbing stores. One rod generally has around 200 g of magnesium metal and costs around 8-12 $. | |
Fire starting kits often contain magnesium of 95% purity, which is sufficient for most simple reductions. | Fire starting kits often contain magnesium of 95% purity, which is sufficient for most simple reductions. | ||
| − | Some pencil sharpeners, such as those manufactured by [http://www.cultpens.com/c/q/brands/kum KUM] and [http://www.staedtler.com/en/products/pencils-accessories/sharpeners/ Staedtler] are made of magnesium, in case of the latter, 95% pure. A simple test to see if these are made of magnesium or not involves heating one in a blowtorch flame for about 30 seconds (outside!); if it is magnesium, it will catch fire and give off intense white light. A less destructive method involves adding a few drops of aqueous NaOH on the sharpener surface. Magnesium does not react with sodium hydroxide, but aluminium will. These can be found at University of California campuses. They are easily identifiable by their light weight. | + | Some pencil sharpeners, such as those manufactured by [http://www.cultpens.com/c/q/brands/kum KUM] and [http://www.staedtler.com/en/products/pencils-accessories/sharpeners/ Staedtler] are made of magnesium, in case of the latter, 95% pure. A simple test to see if these are made of magnesium or not involves heating one in a blowtorch flame for about 30 seconds (outside!); if it is magnesium, it will catch fire and give off intense white light. A less destructive method involves adding a few drops of aqueous NaOH on the sharpener surface. Magnesium does not react with sodium hydroxide, but aluminium will. These can also be found at University of California campuses. They are easily identifiable by their light weight. |
Magnesium products of higher purity can be bought from [http://www.mcssl.com/store/gallium-source/magnesium-metal GalliumSource]. It is sold as turnings (coarse and fine), ribbon, ingots, rods, and foil. | Magnesium products of higher purity can be bought from [http://www.mcssl.com/store/gallium-source/magnesium-metal GalliumSource]. It is sold as turnings (coarse and fine), ribbon, ingots, rods, and foil. | ||
| − | Magnesium strips can be bought from [http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=89&products_id=160 United Nuclear]. | + | Magnesium strips can also be bought from [http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=89&products_id=160 United Nuclear] if you live in the US. |
| − | + | Magnesium powder can be purchased from [http://www.ebay.com/bhp/magnesium-powder eBay], at varying prices, depending on the particle size. In the EU, there are some restrictions regarding the sale and ownership of magnesium powders below a certain size, though there aren't any restrictions for coarse powders and turnings. Grignard-grade Mg turnings can also be bought freely from suppliers or online. | |
| + | |||
| + | Some old laptops contain frames made out of magnesium or magnesium alloy. | ||
==Preparation== | ==Preparation== | ||
| − | Elemental magnesium is difficult to prepare, due to | + | Elemental magnesium is difficult to prepare, due to its high reactivity. The industrial method involves the electrolysis of molten [[magnesium chloride]] or an eutectic mixture of MgCl<sub>2</sub> and KCl (melting point 450 °C), in a Downs cell. This process requires the use of corrosion-resistant alloy crucibles, as molten magnesium chloride is very corrosive. The process takes place in an inert atmosphere, either [[argon]] or more often [[sulfur hexafluoride]]. |
==Projects== | ==Projects== | ||
*Make [[flash powder]] (water sensitive) | *Make [[flash powder]] (water sensitive) | ||
| − | *Make [[thermite]] | + | *Make and ignite [[thermite]] |
*Grignard reactions | *Grignard reactions | ||
*Make [[sodium]] and [[potassium]] metal | *Make [[sodium]] and [[potassium]] metal | ||
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==Handling== | ==Handling== | ||
===Safety=== | ===Safety=== | ||
| − | Magnesium and its compounds are not particularly toxic. Bulk magnesium is not prone to ignition, but magnesium powder and turnings are. '''Water and Carbon Dioxide extinguishers must NEVER be used to put out magnesium fires''', as this accelerates the burning and can produce toxic and/or explosive gasses as a byproduct. Dry sand can be used to fight burning magnesium. | + | Magnesium and its compounds are not particularly toxic. Bulk magnesium is not prone to ignition, but magnesium powder and turnings are. '''Water and Carbon Dioxide extinguishers must NEVER be used to put out magnesium fires''', as this accelerates the burning and can produce toxic and/or explosive gasses as a byproduct. Dry sand can be used to fight burning magnesium. Likewise, powdered magnesium oxide aka magnesia is also suitable for putting out magnesium fires. |
'''Never consume magnesium or its compounds, when produced in the laboratory, as a supplement.''' | '''Never consume magnesium or its compounds, when produced in the laboratory, as a supplement.''' | ||
| Line 310: | Line 337: | ||
===Storage=== | ===Storage=== | ||
Magnesium metal will slowly corrode in air and turn dark gray. To prevent this, storage under [[mineral oil]] is sufficient. For long-term storage, [[Ampoule|ampouling]] is a viable solution, though rarely necessary. Keep it away from acidic vapors and corrosive gases. | Magnesium metal will slowly corrode in air and turn dark gray. To prevent this, storage under [[mineral oil]] is sufficient. For long-term storage, [[Ampoule|ampouling]] is a viable solution, though rarely necessary. Keep it away from acidic vapors and corrosive gases. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In general, magnesium doesn't require special storage conditions, as long as the air from the storage space has low humidity and is not polluted. A simple zip lock bag is good enough to keep magnesium unaffected for several years. | ||
===Disposal=== | ===Disposal=== | ||
| Line 317: | Line 346: | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads=== | ===Relevant Sciencemadness threads=== | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=134874 How to discover if something is made of Magnesium?] | ||
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15555 Why are pencil sharpners magnesium?] | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15555 Why are pencil sharpners magnesium?] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=29857 Magnesium Metal from scrapyard] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=74617 Cheap/Easy Sources of Magnesium Metal] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=4617 Magnesium metal in Italy?] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=16637 Magnesium powder from magnesium ingots] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14238 Magnesium powder from magnesium pencil sharpener] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15338 Are Magnesium Metal Flakes Spontaneously Reactive with Any Oxidizers?] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14 Extracting magnesium metal from its salts] | ||
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=8757 Mg metal from MgO] | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=8757 Mg metal from MgO] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=97625 Electrolysis of MgCl2 (a realistic objective?)] | ||
[[Category:Elements]] | [[Category:Elements]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:21, 27 February 2024
 Magnesium ribbon stored in mineral oil to prevent oxidation | |||||
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Magnesium, Mg | ||||
| Appearance | Silvery-white | ||||
| Magnesium in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 12 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 24.305 | ||||
| Group, block | 2 (alkaline earth metals); s-block | ||||
| Period | period 3 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 | ||||
per shell | 2, 8, 2 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Silvery-white | |||||
| Phase | Solid | ||||
| Melting point | 923 K (650 °C, 1202 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 1363 K (1091 °C, 1994 °F) | ||||
| Density near r.t. | 1.738 g/cm3 | ||||
| when liquid, at | 1.584 g/cm3 | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 8.48 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 128 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 24.869 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | +2, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.31 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 737.7 kJ/mol 2nd: 1450.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 7732.7 kJ/mol | ||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 160 pm | ||||
| Covalent radius | 141±7 pm | ||||
| Van der Waals radius | 173 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) | ||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 4940 m/s (at ) (annealed) | ||||
| Thermal expansion | 24.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 156 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 4.39·10-8 Ω·m (at 20 °C) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | Paramagnetic | ||||
| Young's modulus | 45 GPa | ||||
| Shear modulus | 17 GPa | ||||
| Bulk modulus | 45 GPa | ||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.29 | ||||
| Mohs hardness | 1–2.5 | ||||
| Brinell hardness | 44–260 MPa | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7439-95-4 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Naming | After Magnesia, Greece | ||||
| Discovery | Joseph Black (1755) | ||||
| First isolation | Humphry Davy (1808) | ||||
Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is one of the most powerful reducing agents available to the amateur chemist, even more so than zinc. However, it is impossible to plate magnesium out of an aqueous solution, and it is generally not feasible to recover the metal.
Contents
Properties
Physical properties
Magnesium is a light, grayish metal. Oxidized pieces are a darker shade of gray, and tend to have a white powder of magnesium oxide on the surface. It has a low melting point of 650 °C, though the metal will ignite in air before it reaches that temperature.
Chemical properties
Magnesium is an extremely powerful reducing agent, though it is relatively stable in air due to the formation of a partial passivation layer. In air, magnesium will ignite with a very hot white flame to form a mixture that consists mostly of magnesium oxide, but also contains some magnesium nitride.
- 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
- 3 Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
The color of the flame is a noticeably purer white than that of titanium or zirconium flames, which appear slightly yellowish. Dangerous amounts of UV light is produced when magnesium burns, necessitating eye protection if one were to stare directly at the flame.
Magnesium reacts with carbon dioxide exothermically to form magnesium oxide and carbon:
- 2 Mg + CO2 → 2 MgO + C
Hence, carbon dioxide fuels rather than extinguishes magnesium fires.
Powdered Mg reacts with hydrogen at high pressure and temperature (200 atmospheres, 500 °C), in the presence of magnesium iodide catalyst, to yield magnesium hydride.
In water, magnesium pieces react only slowly to form magnesium hydroxide, due to the build-up of magnesium hydroxide on the surface of the pure magnesium metal, which slows down any further reaction. Powdered magnesium, however, reacts much more vigorously with water.
- Mg + 2 H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
Magnesium metal does not react with alkali solutions. However, the metal will react vigorously in dilute acids to form corresponding magnesium salts.
- Mg + 2 HX → MgX2 + H2
Most of these are soluble except for the hydroxide, fluoride, and carbonate.
Magnesium is the choice reducing agent when extracting lanthanide metals from their salts, as well as many transition metals that cannot be extracted via carbon thermoreduction. Magnesium metal can also be used to obtain alkali metals, like sodium, potassium and even rubidium and caesium (but not lithium) by reducing their respective hydroxide, either in a thermoreduction process or by stirring the Mg-MOH mixture in an inert solvent with a tertiary alcohol as catalyst at high temperature for several hours or days.
Availability and sources
A good and readily available source of magnesium is the sacrificial anodes used in many water heaters. They can be cheaply found at most plumbing stores. One rod generally has around 200 g of magnesium metal and costs around 8-12 $.
Fire starting kits often contain magnesium of 95% purity, which is sufficient for most simple reductions.
Some pencil sharpeners, such as those manufactured by KUM and Staedtler are made of magnesium, in case of the latter, 95% pure. A simple test to see if these are made of magnesium or not involves heating one in a blowtorch flame for about 30 seconds (outside!); if it is magnesium, it will catch fire and give off intense white light. A less destructive method involves adding a few drops of aqueous NaOH on the sharpener surface. Magnesium does not react with sodium hydroxide, but aluminium will. These can also be found at University of California campuses. They are easily identifiable by their light weight.
Magnesium products of higher purity can be bought from GalliumSource. It is sold as turnings (coarse and fine), ribbon, ingots, rods, and foil.
Magnesium strips can also be bought from United Nuclear if you live in the US.
Magnesium powder can be purchased from eBay, at varying prices, depending on the particle size. In the EU, there are some restrictions regarding the sale and ownership of magnesium powders below a certain size, though there aren't any restrictions for coarse powders and turnings. Grignard-grade Mg turnings can also be bought freely from suppliers or online.
Some old laptops contain frames made out of magnesium or magnesium alloy.
Preparation
Elemental magnesium is difficult to prepare, due to its high reactivity. The industrial method involves the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride or an eutectic mixture of MgCl2 and KCl (melting point 450 °C), in a Downs cell. This process requires the use of corrosion-resistant alloy crucibles, as molten magnesium chloride is very corrosive. The process takes place in an inert atmosphere, either argon or more often sulfur hexafluoride.
Projects
- Make flash powder (water sensitive)
- Make and ignite thermite
- Grignard reactions
- Make sodium and potassium metal
Handling
Safety
Magnesium and its compounds are not particularly toxic. Bulk magnesium is not prone to ignition, but magnesium powder and turnings are. Water and Carbon Dioxide extinguishers must NEVER be used to put out magnesium fires, as this accelerates the burning and can produce toxic and/or explosive gasses as a byproduct. Dry sand can be used to fight burning magnesium. Likewise, powdered magnesium oxide aka magnesia is also suitable for putting out magnesium fires.
Never consume magnesium or its compounds, when produced in the laboratory, as a supplement.
Storage
Magnesium metal will slowly corrode in air and turn dark gray. To prevent this, storage under mineral oil is sufficient. For long-term storage, ampouling is a viable solution, though rarely necessary. Keep it away from acidic vapors and corrosive gases.
In general, magnesium doesn't require special storage conditions, as long as the air from the storage space has low humidity and is not polluted. A simple zip lock bag is good enough to keep magnesium unaffected for several years.
Disposal
No special disposal procedures are required for magnesium and magnesium compounds. Discard them as you wish.
References
Relevant Sciencemadness threads
- How to discover if something is made of Magnesium?
- Why are pencil sharpners magnesium?
- Magnesium Metal from scrapyard
- Cheap/Easy Sources of Magnesium Metal
- Magnesium metal in Italy?
- Magnesium powder from magnesium ingots
- Magnesium powder from magnesium pencil sharpener
- Are Magnesium Metal Flakes Spontaneously Reactive with Any Oxidizers?
- Extracting magnesium metal from its salts
- Mg metal from MgO
- Electrolysis of MgCl2 (a realistic objective?)
