Difference between revisions of "Carbon dioxide"

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[[File:Carbon dioxide.png|thumb|220x220px]]
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{{Chembox
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'''Carbon dioxide''', one of the more common gasses in earth's atmosphere, is a molecule containing one [[carbon]] atom and two [[oxygen]] atoms. It is related to [[carbon monoxide]].
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| Name = Carbon dioxide
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| Reference =
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| IUPACName = Carbon dioxide
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| PIN =
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| SystematicName =
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| OtherNames = Carbon oxide<br>Carbon(IV) oxide<br>Carbonic acid gas<br>Carbonic anhydride<br>Carbonic oxide<br>Dry ice (solid phase)
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| ImageFile = Carbon dioxide.png
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
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| AtmosphericOHRateConstant =
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| Appearance = Colorless gas
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| BoilingPt =
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| BoilingPtC =
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| BoilingPt_ref =
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| BoilingPt_notes =
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| Density = 1,562 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (solid at 1 atm and −78.5 °C)<br>1,101 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (liquid at saturation −37 °C)<br>1.977 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (gas at 1 atm and 0 °C)
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| Formula = CO<sub>2</sub>
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| HenryConstant =
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| LogP = 0.83
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| MolarMass = 44.01 g/mol
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| MeltingPt =
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| MeltingPtC = −56.6
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| MeltingPt_ref =
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| MeltingPt_notes = (Triple point at 5.1 atm)
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| Odor = Odorless
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| pKa =
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| pKb =
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| Solubility = ''760 mm Hg''<br>171 ml/100 ml at 0 °C<br>88 ml/100 ml at 20 °C<br>80 ml/100 ml at 25 °C <br>36 ml/100 ml at 60 °C
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| SolubleOther = Soluble in organic solvents
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| Solubility1 = 8.2 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent1 = acetone
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| Solubility2 = 2.71 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent2 = benzene
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| Solubility3 = 6.3 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent3 = diethyl ether
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| Solubility4 = 3.6 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent4 = ethanol
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| Solubility5 = 2.8 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent5 = heptane
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| Solubility6 = 4.1 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent6 = methanol
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| Solubility7 = 7.4 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent7 = methyl acetate
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| Solubility8 = 3.0 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent8 = toluene
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| Solubility9 = 2.31 ml/g (20 °C)
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| Solvent9 = xylene
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| VaporPressure = 5.73 MPa (20 °C)
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| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards
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| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable
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| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/xhBOse4/carbon-dioxide-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable
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| MainHazards = Asphyxiant
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| OtherCompounds = [[Carbon monoxide]]
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'''Carbon dioxide''', one of the more common gasses in earth's atmosphere, is a molecule containing one [[carbon]] atom and two [[oxygen]] atoms ('''CO<sub>2</sub>'''). It is related to [[carbon monoxide]].
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
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Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, making [[carbonic acid]]. This is not very stable, existing as an equilibrium between carbonic acid and carbon dioxide/water, and cannot be concentrated.
 
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, making [[carbonic acid]]. This is not very stable, existing as an equilibrium between carbonic acid and carbon dioxide/water, and cannot be concentrated.
  
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CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
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:CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
  
 
However, this limited temporary solubility can still be taken advantage of in converting hydroxides to carbonates, such as in the treatment of [[Calcium hydroxide|limewater]] with carbon dioxide to precipitate calcium carbonate. Carbon dioxide can also be used as an acid to oxidize some species, such as the oxidation of [[potassium manganate]] to [[Potassium permanganate|permanganate]].
 
However, this limited temporary solubility can still be taken advantage of in converting hydroxides to carbonates, such as in the treatment of [[Calcium hydroxide|limewater]] with carbon dioxide to precipitate calcium carbonate. Carbon dioxide can also be used as an acid to oxidize some species, such as the oxidation of [[potassium manganate]] to [[Potassium permanganate|permanganate]].
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Carbon dioxide is released in many chemical reactions, usually because of the acidification of a [[carbonate]].
 
Carbon dioxide is released in many chemical reactions, usually because of the acidification of a [[carbonate]].
  
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[[Magnesium]], [[titanium]], [[potassium]], and other reactive metals will reduce carbon dioxide to [[carbon]].
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[[Magnesium]], [[titanium]], [[potassium]], and other reactive metals will reduce carbon dioxide to [[carbon]]. This can be achieved by burning said metals in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
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Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas. It cannot be isolated in liquid form at room temperature, but sublimes. In solid form, it is called "dry ice", and used for chilling experiments. Carbon dioxide is a relatively cheap inert gas, and although for most chemicals it may cause reaction, it is a good storage gas for most reactive metals.
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Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas that is odorless unless at very high concentration (at which it has a sharp, sour smell of freshly opened soda pop). It cannot be isolated in liquid form at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, but sublimes. In solid form, it is called "dry ice", and used for chilling experiments. Carbon dioxide is a relatively cheap inert gas, and although for most chemicals it may cause reaction, it is a good storage gas for most reactive metals, except the metals from the s-block and lanthanides.
  
 
==Availability==
 
==Availability==
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Carbon dioxide is available by generation from common materials (like [[sodium bicarbonate]]), from the air, in canisters, or in the form of dry ice, which may be sold at grocery stores. Dry ice may also be produced by placing the end of a fire extinguisher(which often contains carbon dioxide) into a bag and releasing the pressurized gas. Fresh dry ice is formed within the confines of the bag.
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Carbon dioxide is available by generation from common materials (like [[sodium bicarbonate]]), from the air, in canisters, or in the form of dry ice, which may be sold at grocery stores and wedding planner entities. Compressed CO<sub>2</sub> tanks can also be found in many aquarium stores.
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Dry ice may also be produced by placing the end of a fire extinguisher(which often contains carbon dioxide) into a bag and releasing the pressurized gas. Fresh dry ice is formed within the confines of the bag.
  
 
==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
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Acidification of a [[carbonate]] or [[bicarbonate]] releases carbon dioxide, which is a cheap way to generate it. Burning organic materials will also generate carbon dioxide, but will also generate soot, water vapor, formaldehyde, aromatic compounds, so it's best to bubble the resulting smoke into a liquid or an adsorption column that will remove the contaminants.
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Acidification of a [[carbonate]] or [[bicarbonate]] releases carbon dioxide, which is a cheap way to generate it.
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: CaCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → CaSO<sub>4</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
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Burning organic materials will also generate carbon dioxide, but will also generate soot, water vapor, formaldehyde, aromatic compounds, so it's best to bubble the resulting smoke into a liquid or an adsorption column that will remove the contaminants.
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
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*Make [[calcium bicarbonate]] solution
 
*Make [[calcium bicarbonate]] solution
 
*Gas nozzles
 
*Gas nozzles
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*Inert atmosphere (not useful for bases, block A metals, most organometallic compounds)
  
 
==Handling==
 
==Handling==
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===Storage===
 
===Storage===
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Compressed carbon dioxide should be stored in cold places, away from heat. Dry ice should be stored in dewars, as well away from heat sources. Storage should not be done over long periods of time. Both forms should not be stored in chambers lower than ground level, as CO<sub>2</sub> may build-up and pose an asphyxiation hazard.
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Compressed carbon dioxide should be stored in cold places, away from heat. Dry ice should be stored in an insulated container, polystyrene box, dewar, as well away from heat sources. Both forms should be stored in an area with good ventilation, as CO<sub>2</sub> may build-up and pose an asphyxiation hazard.  The gas is heavier than air and may pour down and accumulate in low areas.
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===
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===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15185 Co2 in beverages?]
 
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15185 Co2 in beverages?]
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[[Category:Chemical compounds]]
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[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]
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[[Category:Carbon compounds]]
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[[Category:Oxides]]
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[[Category:Carbon oxides]]
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[[Category:Inorganic acid anhydrides]]
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[[Category:Inert atmospheres]]
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[[Category:Essential reagents]]

Latest revision as of 15:12, 18 November 2023

Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide.png
Names
IUPAC name
Carbon dioxide
Other names
Carbon oxide
Carbon(IV) oxide
Carbonic acid gas
Carbonic anhydride
Carbonic oxide
Dry ice (solid phase)
Properties
CO2
Molar mass 44.01 g/mol
Appearance Colorless gas
Odor Odorless
Density 1,562 kg/m3 (solid at 1 atm and −78.5 °C)
1,101 kg/m3 (liquid at saturation −37 °C)
1.977 kg/m3 (gas at 1 atm and 0 °C)
Melting point −56.6 °C (−69.9 °F; 216.6 K) (Triple point at 5.1 atm)
760 mm Hg
171 ml/100 ml at 0 °C
88 ml/100 ml at 20 °C
80 ml/100 ml at 25 °C
36 ml/100 ml at 60 °C
Solubility Soluble in organic solvents
Solubility in acetone 8.2 ml/g (20 °C)
Solubility in benzene 2.71 ml/g (20 °C)
Solubility in diethyl ether 6.3 ml/g (20 °C)
Solubility in ethanol 3.6 ml/g (20 °C)
Solubility in heptane 2.8 ml/g (20 °C)
Vapor pressure 5.73 MPa (20 °C)
Hazards
Safety data sheet Sigma-Aldrich
Flash point Non-flammable
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Carbon monoxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Carbon dioxide, one of the more common gasses in earth's atmosphere, is a molecule containing one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms (CO2). It is related to carbon monoxide.

Properties

Chemical

Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, making carbonic acid. This is not very stable, existing as an equilibrium between carbonic acid and carbon dioxide/water, and cannot be concentrated.

CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3

However, this limited temporary solubility can still be taken advantage of in converting hydroxides to carbonates, such as in the treatment of limewater with carbon dioxide to precipitate calcium carbonate. Carbon dioxide can also be used as an acid to oxidize some species, such as the oxidation of potassium manganate to permanganate.

Carbon dioxide is released in many chemical reactions, usually because of the acidification of a carbonate.

Magnesium, titanium, potassium, and other reactive metals will reduce carbon dioxide to carbon. This can be achieved by burning said metals in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.

Physical

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas that is odorless unless at very high concentration (at which it has a sharp, sour smell of freshly opened soda pop). It cannot be isolated in liquid form at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, but sublimes. In solid form, it is called "dry ice", and used for chilling experiments. Carbon dioxide is a relatively cheap inert gas, and although for most chemicals it may cause reaction, it is a good storage gas for most reactive metals, except the metals from the s-block and lanthanides.

Availability

Carbon dioxide is available by generation from common materials (like sodium bicarbonate), from the air, in canisters, or in the form of dry ice, which may be sold at grocery stores and wedding planner entities. Compressed CO2 tanks can also be found in many aquarium stores.

Dry ice may also be produced by placing the end of a fire extinguisher(which often contains carbon dioxide) into a bag and releasing the pressurized gas. Fresh dry ice is formed within the confines of the bag.

Preparation

Acidification of a carbonate or bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide, which is a cheap way to generate it.

CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

Burning organic materials will also generate carbon dioxide, but will also generate soot, water vapor, formaldehyde, aromatic compounds, so it's best to bubble the resulting smoke into a liquid or an adsorption column that will remove the contaminants.

Projects

  • Cooling baths
  • Carbonates
  • Make calcium bicarbonate solution
  • Gas nozzles
  • Inert atmosphere (not useful for bases, block A metals, most organometallic compounds)

Handling

Safety

Carbon dioxide is not directly poisonous, like carbon monoxide, but it will lower the pH of the blood to dangerous levels if it is inhaled in excess. Carbon dioxide

The extreme cold of solid carbon dioxide can immediately cause reverse thermal burns if it comes into contact with skin.

Storage

Compressed carbon dioxide should be stored in cold places, away from heat. Dry ice should be stored in an insulated container, polystyrene box, dewar, as well away from heat sources. Both forms should be stored in an area with good ventilation, as CO2 may build-up and pose an asphyxiation hazard. The gas is heavier than air and may pour down and accumulate in low areas.

Disposal

Carbon dioxide can be released in open air. Avoid releasing it in an enclosed space.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

Retrieved from "https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxide&oldid=15429"