Difference between revisions of "Methane"

From Sciencemadness Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(7 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 8: Line 8:
 
| OtherNames = Biogas<br>Carbon tetrahydride<br>Hydrogen carbide<br>Marsh gas<br>Methyl hydride<br>Natural gas
 
| OtherNames = Biogas<br>Carbon tetrahydride<br>Hydrogen carbide<br>Marsh gas<br>Methyl hydride<br>Natural gas
 
<!-- Images -->
 
<!-- Images -->
−
| ImageFile =  
+
| ImageFile = Liquid methane with lots of condensation by ChemicalForce.jpg
−
| ImageSize =  
+
| ImageSize = 300
 
| ImageAlt =  
 
| ImageAlt =  
 
| ImageName =  
 
| ImageName =  
 +
| ImageCaption = Liquid methane, being poured in a dish, while causing lots of moisture condensation
 
| ImageFile1 =  
 
| ImageFile1 =  
 
| ImageSize1 =  
 
| ImageSize1 =  
Line 44: Line 45:
 
| 3DMet =  
 
| 3DMet =  
 
| Abbreviations =  
 
| Abbreviations =  
−
| SMILES =  
+
| SMILES = C
 
   }}
 
   }}
 
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
 
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
Line 112: Line 113:
 
   }}
 
   }}
 
}}
 
}}
−
'''Methane''' is a chemical compound with the chemical formula '''CH<sub>4</sub>'''. It is the simplest alkane and the main component of natural gas.
+
'''Methane''' is a chemical compound with the chemical formula '''CH<sub>4</sub>'''. It is the simplest alkane and organic compound, as well as the main component of natural gas.
  
 
Methane is also partly responsible for climate change, as it is a very potent greenhouse gas.
 
Methane is also partly responsible for climate change, as it is a very potent greenhouse gas.
Line 122: Line 123:
 
: CH<sub>4</sub> + 2 O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O
 
: CH<sub>4</sub> + 2 O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O
  
−
Minute amounts of [[formaldehyde]] is also produced as side product.
+
Minute amounts of [[formaldehyde]] are also produced as a side product if excess methane is used.
  
−
Methane is very slightly basic.
+
Methane is very slightly basic, however, in general it's unreactive towards most reagents at standard conditions.
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
Line 130: Line 131:
  
 
==Availability==
 
==Availability==
−
Methane is sold in compressed gas cylinders, mixed with small amounts of tert-butylthiol, which gives it the characteristic "gas" smell. (Methane itself has no smell.) The thiol can be removed by bubbling the gas through a scrubber. This experiment should only be performed in a well ventilated area, as pure methane is odorless and in case of a leak it may become an explosive hazard.
+
Methane is sold in compressed gas cylinders, mixed with small amounts of tert-butylthiol, which gives it the characteristic "gas" smell. The thiol can be removed by bubbling the gas through a scrubber. This experiment should only be performed in a well-ventilated area, as pure methane is odorless and in case of a leak, it may become an explosive hazard.
  
−
Natural gas can also serve as methane substitute in reactions that do not require high reagent grades. Important: most household gas cylinders are not natural gas but rather propane, butane or a mix of both.
+
Natural gas can also serve as a methane substitute in reactions that do not require high reagent grades. Important: most household gas cylinders are not natural gas but rather [[propane]], [[butane]] or a mix of both.
  
 
==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
 
Methane can be prepared from the decarboxylation of [[sodium acetate]] with [[sodium hydroxide]].
 
Methane can be prepared from the decarboxylation of [[sodium acetate]] with [[sodium hydroxide]].
  
−
:CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + NaOH → CH<sub>4</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
+
: CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + NaOH → CH<sub>4</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
  
−
[[Ethane]] appears as side product.
+
[[Ethane]] appears as a side product.
  
 
Another way to prepare methane is via reduction of [[methanol]] with [[hydroiodic acid]], in the presence of a platinum catalyst.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0360319987900140</ref>
 
Another way to prepare methane is via reduction of [[methanol]] with [[hydroiodic acid]], in the presence of a platinum catalyst.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0360319987900140</ref>
  
 
Another simple way is to add water to [[aluminium carbide]]. Aluminium carbide can be produced by reducing powdered [[aluminium oxide|alumina]] with [[carbon]] at high temperatures.
 
Another simple way is to add water to [[aluminium carbide]]. Aluminium carbide can be produced by reducing powdered [[aluminium oxide|alumina]] with [[carbon]] at high temperatures.
−
:Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub> + 12 H<sub>2</sub>O → 3 CH<sub>4</sub> + 4 Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>
+
: Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub> + 12 H<sub>2</sub>O → 3 CH<sub>4</sub> + 4 Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>
  
 
This reaction works better at high temperatures and low oxygen atmosphere.
 
This reaction works better at high temperatures and low oxygen atmosphere.
  
−
The best way to make methane is from the decomposition of organic matter, in a reactor called digester, which can be anything from a plastic barrel to corrosion resistant metal tanks. Inside the tank, organic matter or manure (herbivores only!) is mixed with water and let to decompose over a period of weeks to months. The resulting gas, called "biogas", is transfered in another container, usually filled with water, from where it's purified. Raw biogas generally contains 50-75% methane, 25-50% [[carbon dioxide]], nitrogen (<10%), with the rest being [[hydrogen sulfide]] (~3%), water vapor (1%), hydrogen (~1%), oxygen (0.5%) and sometimes traces of siloxanes, phosphine or amines such as ammonia. The impurities are removed by scrubbing the biogas in either an alkaline solution or in special adsorbtion towers. The purified methane is dried and, since this process takes a long time, can be compressed in gas tanks. NEVER store compressed methane in oxygen cylinders!
+
The best way to make methane is from the decomposition of organic matter, in a reactor called digester, which can be anything from a plastic barrel to corrosion-resistant metal tanks. Inside the tank, organic matter or manure (herbivores only!) is mixed with water and left to decompose over a period of weeks to months. The resulting gas, called "biogas", is transferred in another container, usually filled with water, from where it's purified. Raw biogas generally contains 50-75% methane, 25-50% [[carbon dioxide]], nitrogen (<10%), with the rest being [[hydrogen sulfide]] (~3%), water vapor (1%), hydrogen (~1%), oxygen (0.5%) and sometimes traces of siloxanes, phosphine or amines such as ammonia. The impurities are removed by scrubbing the biogas in either an alkaline solution or in special adsorption towers. The purified methane is dried and, since this process takes a long time, can be compressed in gas tanks. NEVER store compressed methane in oxygen cylinders!
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
−
*[[Methyl chloride]] synthesis
+
*[[Chloromethane|Methyl chloride]] synthesis
 
*[[Methanol]] synthesis
 
*[[Methanol]] synthesis
 
*Methane soap bubbles
 
*Methane soap bubbles
Line 168: Line 169:
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=144490 Methane synthesis]
 
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3098 Methane Hydrate]
 
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3098 Methane Hydrate]
 
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3962 Why make methane from acetates?]
 
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3962 Why make methane from acetates?]
Line 176: Line 178:
 
[[Category:Alkanes]]
 
[[Category:Alkanes]]
 
[[Category:Gases]]
 
[[Category:Gases]]
 +
[[Category:Biologically-derived compounds]]

Latest revision as of 16:35, 22 July 2023

Stub.png This article is a stub. Please help Sciencemadness Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.
Methane
Liquid methane with lots of condensation by ChemicalForce.jpg
Liquid methane, being poured in a dish, while causing lots of moisture condensation
Names
IUPAC name
Methane
Other names
Biogas
Carbon tetrahydride
Hydrogen carbide
Marsh gas
Methyl hydride
Natural gas
Identifiers
Jmol-3D images Image
Properties
CH4
Molar mass 16.04 g/mol
Appearance Colorless gas
Odor Odorless
Density 0.656 g/L (gas, 25 °C, 1 atm)
0.716 g/L (gas, 0 °C, 1 atm)
0.42262 g/cm3
(liquid, −162 °C)
Melting point −182.5 °C (−296.5 °F; 90.6 K)
Boiling point −161.49 °C (−258.68 °F; 111.66 K)
22.7 mg/L
Solubility Soluble in acetone, benzene, diethyl ether, ethanol, methanol, toluene, xylene
Solubility in diethyl ether 65 ml/100 ml (20 °C)
Solubility in ethanol 36 ml/100 ml (20 °C)
Vapor pressure 4.66·105 mmHg at 25 °C
Thermochemistry
186.25 J·K−1·mol−1
−74.87 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet Sigma-Aldrich
Flash point −188 °C (−306.4 °F; 85.1 K)
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Ethane
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4. It is the simplest alkane and organic compound, as well as the main component of natural gas.

Methane is also partly responsible for climate change, as it is a very potent greenhouse gas.

Properties

Chemical

Methane will burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor.

CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

Minute amounts of formaldehyde are also produced as a side product if excess methane is used.

Methane is very slightly basic, however, in general it's unreactive towards most reagents at standard conditions.

Physical

Methane is a gas at standard conditions, lighter than air. It is colorless, odorless (the smell of flatulence comes from impurities in the source that give a warning of a leak), insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. Methane has a melting point of -182.5 °C and a boiling point of −161 °C.

Availability

Methane is sold in compressed gas cylinders, mixed with small amounts of tert-butylthiol, which gives it the characteristic "gas" smell. The thiol can be removed by bubbling the gas through a scrubber. This experiment should only be performed in a well-ventilated area, as pure methane is odorless and in case of a leak, it may become an explosive hazard.

Natural gas can also serve as a methane substitute in reactions that do not require high reagent grades. Important: most household gas cylinders are not natural gas but rather propane, butane or a mix of both.

Preparation

Methane can be prepared from the decarboxylation of sodium acetate with sodium hydroxide.

CH3COONa + NaOH → CH4 + Na2CO3

Ethane appears as a side product.

Another way to prepare methane is via reduction of methanol with hydroiodic acid, in the presence of a platinum catalyst.[1]

Another simple way is to add water to aluminium carbide. Aluminium carbide can be produced by reducing powdered alumina with carbon at high temperatures.

Al4C3 + 12 H2O → 3 CH4 + 4 Al(OH)3

This reaction works better at high temperatures and low oxygen atmosphere.

The best way to make methane is from the decomposition of organic matter, in a reactor called digester, which can be anything from a plastic barrel to corrosion-resistant metal tanks. Inside the tank, organic matter or manure (herbivores only!) is mixed with water and left to decompose over a period of weeks to months. The resulting gas, called "biogas", is transferred in another container, usually filled with water, from where it's purified. Raw biogas generally contains 50-75% methane, 25-50% carbon dioxide, nitrogen (<10%), with the rest being hydrogen sulfide (~3%), water vapor (1%), hydrogen (~1%), oxygen (0.5%) and sometimes traces of siloxanes, phosphine or amines such as ammonia. The impurities are removed by scrubbing the biogas in either an alkaline solution or in special adsorption towers. The purified methane is dried and, since this process takes a long time, can be compressed in gas tanks. NEVER store compressed methane in oxygen cylinders!

Projects

Handling

Safety

Methane is not toxic, but it's extremely flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air, at concentrations between 4.4-17%. Methane is also an asphyxiant and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space. However, because it's lighter than air, it doesn't tend to accumulate.

Storage

Methane gas cylinders should be stored in cold places and away from any strong oxidizing or corrosive source. Valves should always be checked for leaks.

Disposal

Methane is a potent gas involved in global warming, so it's recommended to burn it when possible, instead of letting it rise in the atmosphere.

References

  1. ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0360319987900140

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

Retrieved from "https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Methane&oldid=15068"