Difference between revisions of "Oxygen"
Diachrynic (Talk | contribs) |
|||
| Line 286: | Line 286: | ||
Oxygen has several allotrope forms, with dioxygen and [[ozone]] (trioxygen) being the most important. | Oxygen has several allotrope forms, with dioxygen and [[ozone]] (trioxygen) being the most important. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Under normal conditions dioxygen exists in a triplet state denoted by the term symbol <sup>3</sup>Σ<sup>-</sup><sub>g</sub> or simplified chemically <sup>3</sup>O<sub>2</sub>. However, it is possible to create dioxygen in the singlet state usually denoted by <sup>1</sup>Δ<sub>g</sub> (or simplified <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) photochemically or from, for example, the reaction of hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. At high concentrations of singlet oxygen, a red chemiluminescence is observed when the oxygen returns to the ground state: | ||
| + | |||
| + | : NaOCl + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → NaCl + H<sub>2</sub>O + <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> | ||
| + | : <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> → <sup>3</sup>O<sub>2</sub> + hv | ||
| + | |||
| + | To be precise, two transitions cause the red glow:<ref> P. Lechtken, ''Chemie in unserer Zeit'' '''1974''', 8, 11-16, [https://doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19740080103 doi:10.1002/ciuz.19740080103]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | : 2 O<sub>2</sub> (<sup>1</sup>Δ<sub>g</sub>) → 2 O<sub>2</sub> (<sup>3</sup>Σ<sup>-</sup><sub>g</sub>) + hv (λ = 633.4 nm) | ||
| + | : O<sub>2</sub> (<sup>3</sup>Σ<sup>+</sup><sub>g</sub>) → O<sub>2</sub> (<sup>3</sup>Σ<sup>-</sup><sub>g</sub>) + hv (λ = 703.2 nm) | ||
| + | |||
==Availability== | ==Availability== | ||
| Line 310: | Line 321: | ||
===Disposal=== | ===Disposal=== | ||
Oxygen can be safely released in open air, but never in closed places. | Oxygen can be safely released in open air, but never in closed places. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths="200" position="center" columns="4" orientation="none"> | ||
| + | Singlet_oxygen.jpg|Chemiluminescence of singlet oxygen | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:32, 13 August 2022
 |
This article is a stub. Please help Sciencemadness Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.
|
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Oxygen, O | ||||
| Allotropes | Dioxygen, ozone, tetraoxygen | ||||
| Appearance |
Colorless (gas) Blueish liquid (liquid) | ||||
| Oxygen in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 8 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 15.999 | ||||
| Group, block | (chalcogens); p-block | ||||
| Period | period 2 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [He] 2s2 2p4 | ||||
per shell | 2, 6 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Colorless | |||||
| Phase | Gas | ||||
| Melting point | 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 90.188 K (−182.962 °C, −297.332 °F) | ||||
| Density at (0 °C and 101.325 kPa) | 1.429 g/L | ||||
| when liquid, at | 1.141 g/cm3 | ||||
| Triple point | 54.361 K, 0.1463 kPa | ||||
| Critical point | 154.581 K, 5.043 MPa | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 0.444 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 6.82 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 29.378 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | 2, 1, −1, −2 | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 3.44 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 1313.9 kJ/mol 2nd: 3388.3 kJ/mol 3rd: 5300.5 kJ/mol | ||||
| Covalent radius | 66±2 pm | ||||
| Van der Waals radius | 152 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | Cubic | ||||
| Speed of sound | 330 m/s (gas, at 27 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 26.58×10−3 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | Paramagnetic | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7782-44-7 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Discovery | Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1771) | ||||
| Named by | Antoine Lavoisier (1777) | ||||
Oxygen (symbol: O) is the 8th element on the periodic table and is the second strongest oxidizer, second to fluorine. It has the atomic weight of ~16 (15.9949), but as a gas it is diatomic with a molar mass of ~32.
Contents
Properties
Chemical
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and typically exists with two lone pairs of electrons.
It is highly electronegative, with a 3.44 on the Pauling scale. It reacts directly with almost every element, a major exception being most of the noble metals and gases (except for xenon).
It reacts with many metals to form oxides. These reactions can be slow and gradual (as is the rusting of iron) or extremely fast, as in the combustion of cesium.
Physical
Although in gas form it is indistinguishable from other common gases, in liquid form it is pale blue (and highly reactive). Oxygen is paramagnetic.
Oxygen has several allotrope forms, with dioxygen and ozone (trioxygen) being the most important.
Under normal conditions dioxygen exists in a triplet state denoted by the term symbol 3Σ-g or simplified chemically 3O2. However, it is possible to create dioxygen in the singlet state usually denoted by 1Δg (or simplified 1O2) photochemically or from, for example, the reaction of hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. At high concentrations of singlet oxygen, a red chemiluminescence is observed when the oxygen returns to the ground state:
- NaOCl + H2O2 → NaCl + H2O + 1O2
- 1O2 → 3O2 + hv
To be precise, two transitions cause the red glow:[1]
- 2 O2 (1Δg) → 2 O2 (3Σ-g) + hv (λ = 633.4 nm)
- O2 (3Σ+g) → O2 (3Σ-g) + hv (λ = 703.2 nm)
Availability
Gaseous oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere. For higher concentrations, compressed oxygen can be procured from the companies that sell welding products as well as scuba diving stores. Cryogenic liquid oxygen is harder to get because unlike liquid nitrogen it is a fire and explosive hazard, when it (accidentally) enters in contact with organic materials.
Preparation
Oxygen is extracted from air by fractional distillation on an industrial scale.
In the lab, it can be isolated by:
- electrolysis of water with containing ions
- heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide,
- decomposing hydrogen peroxide with manganese dioxide
- Decomposition of hypochlorite solution (laundry bleach) using a small amount of cobalt chloride as a catalyst
- heating potassium permanganate.
A way to make liquid oxygen involves liquifying normal air with liquid nitrogen and collecting the oxygen-rich layer on top.
Handling
Safety
Atmospheric oxygen is not a hazard to health, however at high concentration it becomes dangerous to the lungs and can cause blindness. At concentrations over 50%, it will greatly amplify any exothermic reaction. Liquid oxygen is a fire and explosive hazard when in contact with organic materials and a fire source. It can also cause frostbites if it touches the skin.
Storage
Oxygen tanks and dewars should be kept in dark and cool places, away from any combustible materials. Periodically check the valves for any leaks.
Disposal
Oxygen can be safely released in open air, but never in closed places.
Gallery
Chemiluminescence of singlet oxygen
References
- ↑ P. Lechtken, Chemie in unserer Zeit 1974, 8, 11-16, doi:10.1002/ciuz.19740080103
