Difference between revisions of "Cooling bath"

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Cooling baths are solutions or mixtures that allow for cooling during a reaction or experiment. Many different solutions and mixtures are available to the amateur, often using ice or dry ice ([[Carbon dioxide]]) as a chilling source.
+
'''Cooling baths''' are solutions or mixtures that allow for cooling during a reaction or experiment. Many different solutions and mixtures are available to the amateur, often using ice or dry ice (solid [[carbon dioxide]]) as a chilling source.
  
−
== Types of Mixtures ==
+
== Common mixtures ==
−
The below list is of basic, common, and easy to use mixtures<ref>http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Reference/Lab_Techniques/Cooling_baths</ref>.
+
The below list is of basic, common and easy to use mixtures<ref>http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Reference/Lab_Techniques/Cooling_baths</ref>.
−
* Ice (0 °C) - Grind for best use.
+
* [[Water|Ice]] (0 °C) - Grind ice for best use. Snow (if available) can also be used.
−
* Ice/NaCl at 1:1 (-20 °C) - Works best if ground. Saltwater and dry ice works well too. This is one of the cheapest and easy to make.
+
* Ice/[[Sodium chloride|NaCl]] at 1:1 (-20 °C) - Works best if ground. Saltwater and dry ice works well too. This is one of the cheapest and easy to make.
−
* Acetonitrile/Dry Ice (-40 °C) - Add dry ice slowly.
+
* [[Acetonitrile]]/[[Carbon dioxide|Dry ice]] (-40 °C) - Add dry ice slowly to acetonitrile, since the mixture will fume lots of cold CO<sub>2</sub> gas.
−
* Acetone/Dry Ice (-78 °C) - Mix slowly, may produce lots of CO<sub>2</sub>.
+
* [[Acetone]]/Dry Ice (-78 °C) - Mix slowly, as it will produce lots of CO<sub>2</sub> gas.
  
 
Other types:
 
Other types:
−
* Liquid nitrogen/Ethanol (-116°C) - Extremely cold, when it forms the surface will rapidly freeze, but the crust is easy to break. Once the liquid nitrogen will evaporate, the ethanol will have the consistency of a syrup.
+
* Liquid [[nitrogen]]/[[Ethanol]] (-116°C) - Extremely cold, when it forms the surface will rapidly freeze, but the crust is easy to break. Once all the liquid nitrogen will evaporate, the cooled ethanol will have the consistency of a syrup.
 +
 
 +
==List of cooling baths==
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! scope="col"|Cooling agent
 +
! scope="col"|Carrier
 +
! scope="col"|T (°C)
 +
! scope="col"|Notes
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Xylene|p-Xylene]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 13 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[1,4-Dioxane]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 12 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Cyclohexane]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 6 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Benzene]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 5 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Formamide
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 2 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Crushed ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Water/ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 0 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Ammonium chloride]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -5 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 1:0.3 ice to salt ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Aniline]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -6 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Sodium thiosulfate]] pentahydrate
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -8 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 1:1.1 ice to salt ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Acetone]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -10 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 1:1 ice to acetone ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Calcium chloride]] hexahydrate
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -10 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 2.5:1 ice to salt ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Ethylene glycol]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -10.5 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Cycloheptane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -12 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Benzyl alcohol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -15 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Table salt
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -20 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 3:1 ice to salt ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Tetrachloroethylene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -22 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Carbon tetrachloride]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -22.8 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 1,3-Dichlorobenezene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -25 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| o-Xylene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -29 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Bromobenzene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -30 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| m-Toluidine
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -32 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 3-Heptanone
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -38 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Calcium chloride hexahydrate
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -40 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 0.8:1 ice to salt ratio
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Acetonitrile
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -41 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Pyridine]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -42 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Cyclohexanone
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -46 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| m-Xylene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -47 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Diethyl carbitol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -52 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Octane|n-Octane]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -56 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Diisopropyl ether]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -60 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Chloroform]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -61 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Chloroform
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -63 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ethanol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -72 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Trichloroethylene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -73 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Isopropanol]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -77 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Butyl acetate]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -77 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Acetone
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -78 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Sulfur dioxide]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -82 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Propyl amine
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -83 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Ethyl acetate]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -83.6 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Butanol]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -89 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Hexane]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -94 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Acetone
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -94.6 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Toluene]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -95.1 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Methanol]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -98 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Dry ice
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Diethyl ether]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -100 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Cyclohexane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -104 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Isooctane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -107 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Ethyl iodide]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -109 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Carbon disulfide]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -110 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Butyl bromide
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -112 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ethanol
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -116 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Diethyl ether
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -116 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Ethyl bromide
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -119 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Acetaldehyde]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -124 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Methylcyclohexane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -126 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Propanol]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -127 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| [[Propane|n-Pentane]]
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -131 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| 1,5-Hexadiene
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -141 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Isopentane
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -160 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| Liquid nitrogen
 +
| style="text-align: center;"| -196 °C
 +
| style="text-align: center;"|
 +
|}
 +
<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cooling_baths</ref>
 +
<ref>http://www.larkinweb.co.uk/science/freezing_bath_temperatures.html</ref>
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
Line 16: Line 333:
 
<references />
 
<references />
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=17435 Methods of cooling?]
 +
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=24490 Cooling bath at -10*C]
  
 +
[[Category:How-to]]
 
[[Category:Cooling baths]]
 
[[Category:Cooling baths]]

Latest revision as of 22:17, 27 September 2019

Stub.png This article is a stub. Please help Sciencemadness Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.

Cooling baths are solutions or mixtures that allow for cooling during a reaction or experiment. Many different solutions and mixtures are available to the amateur, often using ice or dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) as a chilling source.

Common mixtures

The below list is of basic, common and easy to use mixtures[1].

  • Ice (0 °C) - Grind ice for best use. Snow (if available) can also be used.
  • Ice/NaCl at 1:1 (-20 °C) - Works best if ground. Saltwater and dry ice works well too. This is one of the cheapest and easy to make.
  • Acetonitrile/Dry ice (-40 °C) - Add dry ice slowly to acetonitrile, since the mixture will fume lots of cold CO2 gas.
  • Acetone/Dry Ice (-78 °C) - Mix slowly, as it will produce lots of CO2 gas.

Other types:

  • Liquid nitrogen/Ethanol (-116°C) - Extremely cold, when it forms the surface will rapidly freeze, but the crust is easy to break. Once all the liquid nitrogen will evaporate, the cooled ethanol will have the consistency of a syrup.

List of cooling baths

Cooling agent Carrier T (°C) Notes
Dry ice p-Xylene 13 °C
Dry ice 1,4-Dioxane 12 °C
Dry ice Cyclohexane 6 °C
Dry ice Benzene 5 °C
Dry ice Formamide 2 °C
Crushed ice Water/ice 0 °C
Ice Ammonium chloride -5 °C 1:0.3 ice to salt ratio
Liquid nitrogen Aniline -6 °C
Ice Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate -8 °C 1:1.1 ice to salt ratio
Ice Acetone -10 °C 1:1 ice to acetone ratio
Ice Calcium chloride hexahydrate -10 °C 2.5:1 ice to salt ratio
Dry ice Ethylene glycol -10.5 °C
Dry ice Cycloheptane -12 °C
Dry ice Benzyl alcohol -15 °C
Ice Table salt -20 °C 3:1 ice to salt ratio
Dry ice Tetrachloroethylene -22 °C
Dry ice Carbon tetrachloride -22.8 °C
Dry ice 1,3-Dichlorobenezene -25 °C
Dry ice o-Xylene -29 °C
Liquid nitrogen Bromobenzene -30 °C
Dry ice m-Toluidine -32 °C
Dry ice 3-Heptanone -38 °C
Ice Calcium chloride hexahydrate -40 °C 0.8:1 ice to salt ratio
Dry ice Acetonitrile -41 °C
Dry ice Pyridine -42 °C
Dry ice Cyclohexanone -46 °C
Dry ice m-Xylene -47 °C
Dry ice Diethyl carbitol -52 °C
Dry ice n-Octane -56 °C
Dry ice Diisopropyl ether -60 °C
Dry ice Chloroform -61 °C
Liquid nitrogen Chloroform -63 °C
Dry ice Ethanol -72 °C
Dry ice Trichloroethylene -73 °C
Dry ice Isopropanol -77 °C
Liquid nitrogen Butyl acetate -77 °C
Dry ice Acetone -78 °C
Dry ice Sulfur dioxide -82 °C
Dry ice Propyl amine -83 °C
Liquid nitrogen Ethyl acetate -83.6 °C
Liquid nitrogen Butanol -89 °C
Liquid nitrogen Hexane -94 °C
Liquid nitrogen Acetone -94.6 °C
Liquid nitrogen Toluene -95.1 °C
Liquid nitrogen Methanol -98 °C
Dry ice Diethyl ether -100 °C
Liquid nitrogen Cyclohexane -104 °C
Liquid nitrogen Isooctane -107 °C
Liquid nitrogen Ethyl iodide -109 °C
Liquid nitrogen Carbon disulfide -110 °C
Liquid nitrogen Butyl bromide -112 °C
Liquid nitrogen Ethanol -116 °C
Liquid nitrogen Diethyl ether -116 °C
Liquid nitrogen Ethyl bromide -119 °C
Liquid nitrogen Acetaldehyde -124 °C
Liquid nitrogen Methylcyclohexane -126 °C
Liquid nitrogen Propanol -127 °C
Liquid nitrogen n-Pentane -131 °C
Liquid nitrogen 1,5-Hexadiene -141 °C
Liquid nitrogen Isopentane -160 °C
Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen -196 °C

[2] [3]

References

A more complete list of cooling baths can be obtained at the chem-wiki reference.

  1. ↑ http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Reference/Lab_Techniques/Cooling_baths
  2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cooling_baths
  3. ↑ http://www.larkinweb.co.uk/science/freezing_bath_temperatures.html

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

Retrieved from "https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Cooling_bath&oldid=12009"