Difference between revisions of "Thulium"

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'''Thulium''' is a [[lanthanide]] with the symbol Tm and the atomic number 69. It is often considered a useless element, because it's rare and expensive, and the other lanthanides have similar physical and chemical properties.[[File:Th3.jpg|thumb|A piece of thulium metal from IrC's collection.]]
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{{Infobox element
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<!-- top -->
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|image name=Thulium.jpg
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|image alt=
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|image size=300
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|image name comment=A piece of thulium metal from IrC's collection.
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|image name 2=
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|image alt 2=
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|image size 2=
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|image name 2 comment=
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Thulium
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|symbol=Tm
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce ref=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance=Silvery-gray
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=-
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|below=Md
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|left=[[Erbium]]
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|right=[[Ytterbium]]
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|number=69
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|atomic mass=168.93422(2)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass ref=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=Lanthanide
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|series ref=
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|series comment=
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|series color=
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|group=
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|group ref=
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|group comment=
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|period=6
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|period ref=
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|period comment=
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|block=f
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>13</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery-gray
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=1818
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|melting point C=1545
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|melting point F=​2813
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=2223
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|boiling point C=1950
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|boiling point F=​3542
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|boiling point ref=
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|boiling point comment=
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|sublimation point F=
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|sublimation point ref=
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|sublimation point comment=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gplstp ref=
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|density gplstp comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt=9.32
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|density gpcm3nrt ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=
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|density gpcm3mp=8.56
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|density gpcm3mp ref=
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|density gpcm3mp comment=
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|density gpcm3bp=
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|density gpcm3bp ref=
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|density gpcm3bp comment=
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|molar volume=
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|molar volume unit =
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|molar volume ref=
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|molar volume comment=
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|triple point K=
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|triple point kPa=
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|triple point ref=
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|triple point comment=
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|triple point K 2=
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|triple point kPa 2=
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|triple point 2 ref=
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|triple point 2 comment=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|critical point ref=
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|critical point comment=
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|heat fusion=16.84
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|heat fusion ref=
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|heat fusion comment=
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|heat fusion 2=
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|heat fusion 2 ref=
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|heat fusion 2 comment=
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|heat vaporization=191
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|heat vaporization ref=
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|heat vaporization comment=
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|heat capacity=27.03
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|heat capacity ref=
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|heat capacity comment=
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 ref=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=1117
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|vapor pressure 10=1235
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|vapor pressure 100=1381
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|vapor pressure 1 k=1570
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|vapor pressure 10 k=(1821)
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|vapor pressure 100 k=(2217)
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure comment=
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|vapor pressure 1 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 2=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 ref=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states=2, '''3''' ​(a basic oxide)
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=
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|electronegativity=1.25
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1=596.7
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1160
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=2285
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|ionization energy 3 comment=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=176
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=190±10
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=
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|Van der Waals radius ref=
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|Van der Waals radius comment=
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<!-- Miscellanea -->
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure prefix=
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|crystal structure ref=
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|crystal structure comment=​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|crystal structure 2 prefix=
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|crystal structure 2 ref=
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|crystal structure 2 comment=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound ref=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=13.3
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=(poly)
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|thermal expansion at 25=
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
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|thermal conductivity=16.9
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|thermal conductivity ref=
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|thermal conductivity comment=
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|thermal conductivity 2=
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|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
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|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
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|thermal diffusivity=
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|thermal diffusivity ref=
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|thermal diffusivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity=
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|electrical resistivity unit prefix=
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|electrical resistivity ref=
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|electrical resistivity comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 0=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
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|electrical resistivity at 20=676
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|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
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|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=(poly)
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|band gap=
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|band gap ref=
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|band gap comment=
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|Curie point K=
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|Curie point ref=
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|Curie point comment=
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|magnetic ordering=paramagnetic
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|magnetic ordering comment= (300 K)
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=74
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=
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|Shear modulus=30.5
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=
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|Bulk modulus=44.5
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=
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|Poisson ratio=0.213
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=
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|Mohs hardness=
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|Mohs hardness ref=
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|Mohs hardness comment=
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|Mohs hardness 2=
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|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
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|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
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|Vickers hardness=470–650
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|Vickers hardness ref=
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=470–900
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|Brinell hardness comment=
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|CAS number=7440-30-4
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|CAS number ref=
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|CAS number comment=
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<!-- History -->
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|naming=after Thule, a mythical region in Scandinavia
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date ref=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by=
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|discovery date ref=
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|discovery date=
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|first isolation by=
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|first isolation date ref=
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|first isolation date=
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|discovery and first isolation by=Per Teodor Cleve (1879)
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|named by=
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|named date ref=
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|named date=
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|history comment label=
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|history comment=
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<!-- Isotopes -->
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|isotopes=
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|isotopes comment=
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|engvar=
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}}
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'''Thulium''' is a [[lanthanide]] with the symbol '''Tm''' and the atomic number 69. Thulium is the second-least abundant of the lanthanides, after radioactively unstable promethium which is only found in trace quantities on Earth.
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It is often considered by many chemists a useless element, because it's rare and expensive, and the other more available lanthanides have similar physical and chemical properties.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
 
===Chemical===
 
===Chemical===
 
Thulium metal is a reducing agent and is reactive towards acids and oxidizers. Most ionic thulium compounds are soluble except for the fluoride and the nitrate.
 
Thulium metal is a reducing agent and is reactive towards acids and oxidizers. Most ionic thulium compounds are soluble except for the fluoride and the nitrate.
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Thulium tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 °C to form thulium(III) oxide:
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:4 Tm + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → 2 Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
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Thulium reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form thulium hydroxide:
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:2 Tm + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 Tm(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>
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Thulium reacts with all the [[halogen]]s. Reactions are slow at room temperature, but are vigorous above 200 °C:
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:2 Tm + 3 X<sub>2</sub> → 2 TmX<sub>3</sub>
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
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==Availability==
 
==Availability==
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Thulium is more common than iodine on Earth, but it is hard to find and extremely expensive. One source for thulium, as well as other rare earth metals, is [http://www.elementsales.com/pl_element.htm#tm Metallium]. It is sold in 1 gram, 5 gram and 25 gram sizes, as well as rods, ampoules, and coins. Metallium also takes custom orders. Thulium and its compounds may be occasionally found on eBay. Because the Th(III) ion color is hard to distinguish from other ions, other lanthanides or metals in general may be sold as thulium. This is a common problem with lanthanides, and online sellers.
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Thulium is more common than [[iodine]] on Earth, but it is hard to find and extremely expensive. One source for thulium, as well as other rare earth metals, is [http://www.elementsales.com/pl_element.htm#tm Metallium]. It is sold in 1 gram, 5 gram and 25 gram sizes, as well as rods, ampoules, and coins. Metallium also takes custom orders. Thulium and its compounds may be occasionally found on eBay. Because the Tm(III) ion color is hard to distinguish from other ions, other lanthanides or metals in general may be sold as thulium. This is a common problem with lanthanides, and online sellers.
  
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==Projects==
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Occasionally you can find sellers on eBay, like [https://www.ebay.com/itm/14-82-gram-0-52-Oz-Thulium-metal-99-95-pure-element-69-sample-/141881374477 this one].
  
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==Projects==
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*Blue fluorescence (used in Euro banknotes)
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*Make ferrite ceramic materials
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*Special solid-state lasers
  
 
==Handling==
 
==Handling==
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===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===
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Best to try to recycle it.
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Best to try to recycle it, as it's a rare and expensive material.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
 
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===
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[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=31107 Thulium(III) color]
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*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=31107 Thulium(III) color]
  
 
[[Category:Elements]]
 
[[Category:Elements]]
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[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]
 
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]
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[[Category:Air-sensitive materials]]

Latest revision as of 16:17, 13 May 2019

Stub.png This article is a stub. Please help Sciencemadness Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.
Thulium,  69Tm
Thulium.jpg
A piece of thulium metal from IrC's collection.
General properties
Name, symbol Thulium, Tm
Appearance Silvery-gray
Thulium in the periodic table
-
↑
Tm
↓
Md
Erbium ← Thulium → Ytterbium
Atomic number 69
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 168.93422(2)
Group, block , f-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f13 6s2
per shell
 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Physical properties
Silvery-gray
Phase Solid
Melting point 1818 K ​(1545 °C, ​​2813 °F)
Boiling point 2223 K ​(1950 °C, ​​3542 °F)
Density near r.t. 9.32 g/cm3
when liquid, at  8.56 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 16.84 kJ/mol
Heat of 191 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 27.03 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 2, 3 ​(a basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.25
energies 1st: 596.7 kJ/mol
2nd: 1160 kJ/mol
3rd: 2285 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius 190±10 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Thermal expansion 13.3 µm/(m·K) (poly)
Thermal conductivity 16.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 676 Ω·m (at 20 °C) (poly)
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic (300 K)
Young's modulus 74 GPa
Shear modulus 30.5 GPa
Bulk modulus 44.5 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.213
Vickers hardness 470–650 MPa
Brinell hardness 470–900 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-30-4
History
Naming after Thule, a mythical region in Scandinavia
Discovery and first isolation Per Teodor Cleve (1879)
· references

Thulium is a lanthanide with the symbol Tm and the atomic number 69. Thulium is the second-least abundant of the lanthanides, after radioactively unstable promethium which is only found in trace quantities on Earth.

It is often considered by many chemists a useless element, because it's rare and expensive, and the other more available lanthanides have similar physical and chemical properties.

Properties

Chemical

Thulium metal is a reducing agent and is reactive towards acids and oxidizers. Most ionic thulium compounds are soluble except for the fluoride and the nitrate.

Thulium tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 °C to form thulium(III) oxide:

4 Tm + 3 O2 → 2 Tm2O3

Thulium reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form thulium hydroxide:

2 Tm + 6 H2O → 2 Tm(OH)3 + 3 H2

Thulium reacts with all the halogens. Reactions are slow at room temperature, but are vigorous above 200 °C:

2 Tm + 3 X2 → 2 TmX3

Physical

Thulium metal has a bright, silvery luster. It slowly tarnishes in air and reacts with water. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife. Solutions containing thulium(II) ions often present a wine red coloration. Thulium(III) ions may fluoresce blue under shortwave UV light, though this has not been confirmed.

Availability

Thulium is more common than iodine on Earth, but it is hard to find and extremely expensive. One source for thulium, as well as other rare earth metals, is Metallium. It is sold in 1 gram, 5 gram and 25 gram sizes, as well as rods, ampoules, and coins. Metallium also takes custom orders. Thulium and its compounds may be occasionally found on eBay. Because the Tm(III) ion color is hard to distinguish from other ions, other lanthanides or metals in general may be sold as thulium. This is a common problem with lanthanides, and online sellers.

Occasionally you can find sellers on eBay, like this one.

Projects

  • Blue fluorescence (used in Euro banknotes)
  • Make ferrite ceramic materials
  • Special solid-state lasers

Handling

Safety

Thulium has not been observed to have a biological role, but small amounts of soluble thulium salts stimulate metabolism. Soluble thulium salts are mildly toxic, but insoluble thulium salts are completely nontoxic.

Storage

Thullium should be stored in closed bottles, and kept away from moisture and any corrosive vapors, such as acids.

Disposal

Best to try to recycle it, as it's a rare and expensive material.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

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